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'Arial   S{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{{}{}}}  $%!"# qpp! | 'Arial   S{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{{}{}}}  $%!"#\T jklmT# $%&'S(+,- ?.2T# $%&'S(+,- ?./01234 5 678 @9 :;<dUVWX YZ[ efqp p < $ q;ppd   'Arial   u{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\b0{\i0{\ul0{\cf0{\f0{\fs24Y Data}}}}}}} A   $%!"#qppp  'Arial   S{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{{}{}}}  $%!"#qppq  'Arial   S{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{{}{}}}  $%!"#  @ gnoR @r qpp  j   , ,     qpp  j   , ,     qpp  j   , ,     qpp  j    , ,     qpp  j    , ,     qpp  j   , ,     qpp  j    , ,     qpp  j    , ,     qGpp! 8 'Arial    {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl240\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs28\i0\b\ul0% Income}} + $%!"# qpp! | 'Arial   S{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{{}{}}}  $%!"# qpp!  'Arial   S{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{{}{}}}  $%!"#|V jklmT# $%&'E(+,- ?.2T# $%&'E(+,- ?./01234 5 678 ?9 :;<dUVWX YZ[ efMU8q pp S Xt   qpp Xt       q[pp RS )Col 1 vs food 'Arial   ~{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs24\i0\b\ul0Food }} <$ $%!"#qcpp ?] )Col 1 vs clothing 'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs24\i0\b\ul0Clothing }} <$ ?$%!"#qvpp nZ )Col 1 vs housing 'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}\fs20{\fs20{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs24\i0\b\ul0 Housing\fs20 }}} <$ n$%!"#qapp  )Col 1 vs medical 'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs24\i0\b\ul0Medical }} <$ $%!"#qpp ( )Col 1 vs educ/misc/child 'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs24\i0\b\ul0Education/Daycare/Miscellaneous }} <$ $%!"#qpp T> )Col 1 vs transport 'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}\fs20{\fs20{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs24\i0\b\ul0 Transportation\fs20 }}} <$ $%!"#qppP `~        qPppP ~L  'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl280\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs28\i0\b\ul0Expenditure/Child}}  $%!"#qppP jR v 'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs24\i0\b\ul0 1985-$3600/child/year\line 1988-$4015/child/year\line 1990-5211/child/year\line 1995-$6395/child/year}}  $%!"#qppP  'Arial   S{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{{}{}}}  $%!"#qppP { 'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs20\i0\b\ul0Data obtained fom USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, \line Expenditures on Children by Families, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995}}  v$%!"#qppP    'Arial   S{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{{}{}}}   $%!"#qppP p5 'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl200\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs20\i0\b\ul0Low income families earned less than $33,800/year in 1995.\line Moderate income families earned between $33,880-$56,900/year in 1995.}}  p$%!"#qpp   a@ @@ @@ @,@ @??@@@@@@foodclothinghousingmedicaleducation/misctransport fffff8@@9@@L4@@3@@@@333333@@#@@"@@@@@ @@@@@@333333@@@@@ffffff@@333333@@@@ffffff*@@,@@ffffff-@@L1@@L0@@-@@0@@333333-@@=foodclothinghousingmedicaleduc/misc/childtransport  METAFILEPICTH5HU  o  UH /ޕ -- $/ޕ/ޕ---- $_;_;-- > Arial6 )!w*wgw6 ) -System "!w*wgw " -. - Q2 X1Expentidures on Children by Families (Low Income)lwlwA6wwKll6ww6w66wKlw6wk6wl666ll6Aww66wlwlA- --. -  2  YEAR--_--]__]]]A A ]  ]  ]##]]dd]]]FF]- Z Arial g!w*wgw g -- --. -  2 p1984\\\\- -- --. -  2 pG1985\\\\- -- --. -  2 p1986\\\\- -- --. -  2 p1987\\\\- -- --. -  2 p) 1988\\\\- -- --. -  2 p 1989\\\\- -- --. -  2 pk 1990\\\\- -- --. -  2 p 1991\\\\- -- --. -  2 p1992\\\\- -- --. -  2 pM1993\\\\- -- --. -  2 p1994\\\\- -- --. -  2 p1995\\\\- -- --. -  2 p/1996\\\\--;_;- >  Arial M!w*wgw M --. - 2 % Income66wlwl--_;_---_E-E_-_-_e-e_-_-_-_;-;_--_}>_>}_}_}_}_}K_K}_}R_R}_}_}X_X}_}___}_}_}_}_}l_l}_}r_r}_}!_!}y_y}(_(}_}_}._.}_}5_5}_}_}- v Arial h!w*wgw h -- --. -  2 a0M- -- --. -  2 5M- -- --. -  2 N10MM- -- --. -  2 N15MM- -- --. -  2 7N20MM- -- --. -  2 N25MM- -- --. -  2 N30MM- -- --. -  2 XN35MM- -- --. -  2 N40MM--;- -$ #FFF- ----=*----O ----NV ----9q--- #FFF----- $$<$<---- $ 3 3---- $HH ---- $kk~!~!--- #FFF----- $*xx---- $ o o---- $#FN ---- $Fq--- _#1F1F1F----- $j*---- $ ---- $#- xNx---- $FJqJ---X #yFyFyF----- $D1---- $  X & X---- $#U#d ---- $FxyFGy---" 3#FFF-----$O$8$  8----$   z ----$#`HIH#  I----$FkkwF`!w!----- ${{EE-- Z Arial i!w*wgw i --. - 2 Food eeee.- -V-- Hp-- - --. - 2  Clothing x.e7e.ee.--LLV-- $q'u'uq-- - --v Arial j!w*wgw j --. Z Arial k!w*wgw k - 2 ?e Housing..xee\.ee-v Arial l!w*wgw l -  2 ?W &--{{-- ${bPb-- - Z Arial m!w*wgw m --. - 2 nMedical \e.\\..--V-- $xo-- - --. - 72  Education/Daycare/Miscellaneous oee\\7.ee.x\Z\\A\..\\\..\e\ee\.--V-- $ h-- - --v Arial n!w*wgw n --. Z Arial o!w*wgw o - 2 e Transportation..eA\e\eeA7\7.ee-v Arial p!w*wgw p -  2 Q  &---- ${5{VV-- ---- $BB-- --. - !2 5Expenditure/Childlwlww6AwKl6w66w- Z Arial q!w*wgw q --. - '2 ;1985-$3600/child/yearr\\\\7\\\\\.\e..e.Z\\A  '2 ~1988-$4015/child/yearc\\\\7\\\\\.\e..e.Z\\A  %2 1990-5211/child/year\\\\7\\\\.\e..e.Z\\A  '2 1995-$6395/child/yearc\\\\7\\\\\.\e..e.Z\\A- v Arial r!w*wgw r --.  v Arial s!w*wgw s --. - l2 CData obtained fom USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, dM.M&TT.M&TMT&.T{&d\d`&&dMT.M6&.T6&dT.6&.&TT&\T&&ML&MTT&\6T{T.&TT&&  a2 B<Expenditures on Children by Families, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995\MTMTT&.T6MM&TT&dT&&T6MT&TL&TM{&&&MM&&MMMM&&MMMM&&MMMM&&MMMM- v Arial t!w*wgw t --.  v Arial u!w*wgw u --. - ^2 :Low income families earned less than $33,800/year in 1995.TTo&&TMT{M&.M{&&&MM&MM6TMT&&MMM&.TMT&MMM&MMM&LMM6&&T&MMMM&  o2 EModerate income families earned between $33,880-$56,900/year in 1995.sTTM6M.M&&TMT{M&.M{&&&MM&MM6TMT&TM.oMMT&MMM&MMM.MMM&MMM&LMM6&&T&MMMM&-' Object #0003JandelGraphicObject.1ࡱ>   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqRoot EntryM<#i?!@Ole CompObjyObjInfo M<#i?Jandel GraphicJandel Internal Data StreamJandelGraphicObject.19q!RichEditFlags GPDoc ContentspJSGraphicPage   qBpp   7qpp-  'Arial   M{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}}  $%!"#  q pp < $ quppR  E  'Arial   {\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\ql\sl280\slmult0\f0\cf0\up0\fs28\i0\b\ul0Expentidures on Children by Families (Moderate Income)}}   $%!"#dN ec  qpp  j   , ,     qpp  j   , ,     qpp  j   , ,     qpp  j   , ,     qp p  j   , ,    VWX   012@ABCq6p p4 < $ q;p pJ  'Arial   u{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}{\b0{\i0{\ul0{\f0{\fs29{\cf0Plot 1}}}}}}}  $%!"#@     $d& %     $d& %   $& %qpp  d   qpp  'Arial   M{\rtf1\ansi0{\colortbl\red0\green0\blue0;}\deff0{\fonttbl\f0\fswiss Arial;}}  $%!"#qpp        qpp j     , ,    qdpp  < $  @      ? 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!&& !R / /Ru=F`"`V$#%k2PP# OKLAHOMA MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME PF #IAN OKLAHOMA MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME\$FG  #%k2PUP# YEAR PF  YEAR  "        w w j j ^ ^ S S \$FG   #%k2PUP# 1988 PF  1988\$FG #%k2PUP# 1989 PF  1989\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1990 PF  1990\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1991 PF  1991\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1992 PF  1992\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1993 PF  1993\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1994 PF  1994\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1995 PF  1995\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1996 PF  1996RR^&FI:;N#%k2PP# INCOME PF :;INCOME B  B B JJRR]%FH t= #%k2PUP# 20000 PF  20000]%FH- t#%k2PUP# 22000 PF - 22000]%FHt#%k2PUP# 24000 PF 24000]%FHtE#%k2PUP# 26000 PF 26000]%FH5t#%k2PUP# 28000 PF 528000]%FHt#%k2PUP# 30000 PF 30000]%FHtL#%k2PUP# 32000 PF 32000]%FH=t#%k2PUP# 34000 PF =34000/ /B7 7 7  QQw@w@jj^P^PS"7 7dTTi" 733h" 7    7  "  733h"  7s G G  s  "  33h"QfQf  " R33h"N[^^[" 33h"w@wOw@wO" wA33h"jjwBjjB" j33h"^P^H7XwX^P^X7HwH" _P33h"SS+kSSk+[k[" S33h""D    wwjj^9^9S"D`ppD&" D33h"  X h h    "  33h"  0s @ @  `s P P"  33h"?fOOvfff" 33h"[E[55" 32h"wwOwwO" w33h"jjhBxxjjBvv" j33h"^9^97IwI^9^97)w)" _933h"SS+kSSk+[k[" S33h"" F'F7FFoFcF_FFFFFFFFFFWFKFGFF  F8FDFHFFFFFFF`FlFpFF$F(FFFFFFF@FLFPFFFFFFFhFtFxF F,F0FFFFFFFHFTFXFF FFFF ZZYYf.FQ #%k2PUP# Actual income  PF e Actual income 33" 433hzBFe QO #%k2PUP# CPI-Adjusted Income (1996 dollars) PF (" IncCPI-Adjusted Income (1996 dollars)88" 933ha)FLq 8#%k2PUP# %increase PF  %increase >>> >>>F>> a)FLq =#%k2PUP# %decrease PF  %decrease CCC&CCCnCbC^CCCCCCCFC:C6CCC~C ]%FH#%k2PUP# +16%  PF +16% \$FG-#%k2PUP# -15% PF --15%& ! !&& !R / /Ro7FZ!/##%k2PP# US MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME PF MILYUS MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME\$FG  #%k2PUP# YEAR PF  YEAR  "        w w j j ^ ^ S S \$FG   #%k2PUP# 1988 PF  1988\$FG #%k2PUP# 1989 PF  1989\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1990 PF  1990\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1991 PF  1991\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1992 PF  1992\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1993 PF  1993\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1994 PF  1994\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1995 PF  1995\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1996 PF  1996RR^&FI:;N#%k2PP# INCOME PF :;INCOME B    ,,88FFRR]%FH t= #%k2PUP# 24000 PF  24000]%FH tJ#%k2PUP# 26000 PF  26000]%FHtW#%k2PUP# 28000 PF 28000]%FHtd#%k2PUP# 30000 PF 30000]%FH tq#%k2PUP# 32000 PF  32000]%FHt~#%k2PUP# 34000 PF 34000]%FH#t#%k2PUP# 36000 PF #36000]%FH1t#%k2PUP# 38000 PF 138000]%FH=t#%k2PUP# 40000 PF =40000/ /B 9    33wWwWjdjd^@^@S  :33h  33h  33h 433h 33h wX33h jd33h _A33h S33h U   * *ppwwjVjV^H^HS  U33h  33h  *33h 33h q33h w33h jV33h _I33h S33h FEF9F5FFF}FFFFFF FeFYFUFFFFFFF=F1F-FFyFuFFFFF FF]FQFMFFFFFFF5F)F%F}FqFmFFFF FFFUFIFEFFFFFFF-F!FFuFiFeFFFFFFFMFAF=FFFFFFF%FFFmFaF]FF  F:33h F33h FUF  FU33h F33hZZYzYzp8F[=  #%k2PUP# US Median Family Income  PF milyUS Median Family Income  33 433h u=F`^ $| #%k2PUP# US CPI-Adjusted Median Income PF #ted US CPI-Adjusted Median Income 88 933h b*FM b#%k2PUP# % increase PF  % increase >>>&>>>n>b>^>>>>>>>F>:>6>>>~>b*FM g#%k2PUP# % decrease PF  % decrease CC]%FH#%k2PUP# +31%  PF +31% [#FFj#%k2PUP# -2% PF -2%L"((L"L"(?"?tt"QFt0./#%k2PP# Expentidures on Children by Families (Low Income) PF 71 on Expentidures on Children by Families (Low Income)\$FG0#%k2PP# YEAR PF YEAR?tt?8?d282d& 8& d 8 d 8 d8d8d8d8d8d8d8d8d\$FG$#%k2PUP# 1984 PF $1984\$FG$#%k2PUP# 1985 PF $1985\$FG# #%k2PUP# 1986 PF #1986\$FGy #} #%k2PUP# 1987 PF y #1987\$FGk $q #%k2PUP# 1988 PF k $1988\$FG_ $e#%k2PUP# 1989 PF _ $1989\$FGU#Y#%k2PUP# 1990 PF U#1990\$FGG$M#%k2PUP# 1991 PF G$1991\$FG;$A#%k2PUP# 1992 PF ;$1992\$FG1#5#%k2PUP# 1993 PF 1#1993\$FG#$)#%k2PUP# 1994 PF #$1994\$FG$#%k2PUP# 1995 PF $1995\$FG ##%k2PUP# 1996 PF  #1996?""`(FKf#%k2PP# % Income PF % Income?t?"t/t////// / "/"?S?FSF?S?S?S?TST?S?&S&?S?`S`?S?2S2?S?nSn?S?@S@?S?zSz?S?LSL?S?S?S?ZSZ?+S+?S?S?f Sf ?8!S8!?!S!? "S "?s"Ss"Y!D#%k2PP# 0 sP 0Y!D#%k2PP# 5 sP 5Z"E#%k2PP# 10 sP 10Z"E #%k2PP# 15 sP 15Z"E#%k2PP# 20 sP 20Z"E$#%k2PP# 25 sP 25Z"E0#%k2PP# 30 sP 30Z"E>!#%k2PP# 35 sP 35Z"E"J##%k2PP# 40 sP "40t" 2  @  333h  33h 33h @33h2~ s sZZ&^^QQ: : F F ##..RR2  G G 2f A   *) ) 2 * *2f  HA He*a2 2 2||2n2 nJ 2  23|@|Q~2$  99r2Z^?^ 2 ? : : v [ v o#S#SW<W-:-:]%FH<R#%k2PUP# Food  PF <Food  RWR R33h a)FL~ D Q#%k2PUP# Clothing  PF  ~ Clothing W WW  * Y* Y a)FL  V#%k2PUP# Housing PF   HousingY!FD #%k2PP#  sPF  \ \ ` > -> `(FK  0 #%k2PUP# Medical  PF  Medical a Wa % R  x@Fc)#%k2PUP# Education/Daycare/Miscellaneous  PF & ycarEducation/Daycare/Miscellaneous f Wf  f * Jf h0FSR& #%k2PUP# Transportation PF tion TransportationY!FD  #%k2PP#  sPF   l l `  Q `6 4Q 4 u"u~~"i1FT h#%k2PP# Expenditure/Child PF ChilExpenditure/Childm5FXJ#%k2PUP# 1985-$3600/child/year PF hild1985-$3600/child/yearmFXh#%k2PUP# 1988-$4015/child/year hild1988-$4015/child/yearlFW [#%k2PUP# 1990-5211/child/year ild/1990-5211/child/yearmFX;  #%k2PUP# 1995-$6395/child/year hild1995-$6395/child/yearcFL l #%k2PP# Data obtained fom USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion,  sPF ICd foData obtained fom USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, DF X #%k2PP# Expenditures on Children by Families, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995 B< on Expenditures on Children by Families, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995ZF}no#%k2PP# Low income families earned less than $33,800/year in 1995. sPF @:amilLow income families earned less than $33,800/year in 1995.MF`1w#%k2PP# Moderate income families earned between $33,880-$56,900/year in 1995. KEome Moderate income families earned between $33,880-$56,900/year in 1995.V%((V%V%(?"?tt"VFy&/0#%k2PP# Expentidures on Children by Families (Moderate Income) PF <6 on Expentidures on Children by Families (Moderate Income)\$FG0#%k2PP# YEAR PF YEAR?tt?8?d282d& 8& d 8 d 8 d8d8d8d8d8d8d8d8d\$FG##%k2PUP# 1984 PF #1984\$FG$#%k2PUP# 1985 PF $1985\$FG$ #%k2PUP# 1986 PF $1986\$FGy #} #%k2PUP# 1987 PF y #1987\$FGl #p #%k2PUP# 1988 PF l #1988\$FG_ $e#%k2PUP# 1989 PF _ $1989\$FGS$Y#%k2PUP# 1990 PF S$1990\$FGH#L#%k2PUP# 1991 PF H#1991\$FG;$A#%k2PUP# 1992 PF ;$1992\$FG/$5#%k2PUP# 1993 PF /$1993\$FG"$(#%k2PUP# 1994 PF "$1994\$FG##%k2PUP# 1995 PF #1995\$FG $#%k2PUP# 1996 PF  $1996?""`(FKe#%k2PP# % Income PF % Income?t?"t/t////// / "/"?S?FSF?S?S?S?TST?S?&S&?S?`S`?S?2S2?S?nSn?S?@S@?S?zSz?S?LSL?S?S?S?ZSZ?+S+?S?S?f Sf ?8!S8!?!S!? "S "?s"Ss"Y!D#%k2PP# 0 sP 0Y!D#%k2PP# 5 sP 5Z"E#%k2PP# 10 sP 10Z"E #%k2PP# 15 sP 15Z"E#%k2PP# 20 sP 20Z"E$#%k2PP# 25 sP 25Z"E0#%k2PP# 30 sP 30Z"E>!#%k2PP# 35 sP 35Z"E"J##%k2PP# 40 sP "40t" 2F F FN  2G33h  G33h 33h O33h24  ^a^a: K:   K#(#(pp2     2Y e D A  * 2 4 4ll~2e  RA R0*B2.  2jn.2. J  p 2{~2 r r2:^^2 : : W < W 6##p-:-:]%FH<R#%k2PUP# Food  PF <Food  RWR R33h a)FL~ D Q#%k2PUP# Clothing  PF  ~ Clothing W WW  * Y* Y a)FL  V#%k2PUP# Housing PF   HousingY!FD #%k2PP#  sPF  \ \ ` > -> `(FK  0 #%k2PUP# Medical  PF  Medical a Wa % R  x@Fc(#%k2PUP# Education/Daycare/Miscellaneous  PF & ycarEducation/Daycare/Miscellaneous f Wf  f * If h0FSR& #%k2PUP# Transportation PF tion TransportationY!FD  #%k2PP#  sPF   l l `  Q `6 4Q 4 u"u~~"i1FT h#%k2PP# Expenditure/Child PF ChilExpenditure/Childm5FXI#%k2PUP# 1985-$5767/child/year PF hild1985-$5767/child/yearmFX g#%k2PUP# 1988-$6451/child/year hild1988-$6451/child/yearmFX #%k2PUP# 1990-$7193/child/year hild1990-$7193/child/yearmFX:  #%k2PUP# 1995-$8721/child/year hild1995-$8721/child/yearcFM k #%k2PP# Data obtained fom USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion,  sPF ICd foData obtained fom USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, DF X #%k2PP# Expenditures on Children by Families, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995 B< on Expenditures on Children by Families, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995ZF}s#%k2PP# Low income families earned less than $33,800/year in 1995. sPF @:amilLow income families earned less than $33,800/year in 1995.MFei#%k2PP# Moderate income families earned between $33,880-$56,900/year in 1995. KEome Moderate income families earned between $33,880-$56,900/year in 1995.!#7,7,!#!#7,   2 'U8|" meZG 4Ho!q$t g^QU N=IfGQFGtHa JM2jN:[1R'X_f^n&,xNwiy:f SC?l,Z0"8 4a H [c o;  k+ XT E} 1~ Z  6 "  ; I r Nf;q>^gLKe8 I 'O3:bxB /lF"]kPGt5k4^( l:$[@O{[Qw31B3 Q*%nI\i'x[S>(3AV Yz}qHtV5s[8> & Oa58-HB(Tl;d3CNq|a{uIwN&w&;&&&!&Z5K&1H&[&n'\' 'e'<'l'0'''p|'G.@'A'U'h'{P'{)Q)))b)&)))]r)4'6) :)M)`)sF)h )?**W***s*J g*! +*I-*i*,*o*9*Y**b)d)D/K))&)) Z;)z%w))])+)@Og))"))X'''- 'XH''' ' 8'(7t'5f'A'M('Xd'b)'k\&t&{U&&/&f &E&&x@FcYS/0  #%k2PP# Long -Term Dependency on Welfare  PF & epenLong -Term Dependency on Welfare MM `(FK? # #%k2PUP# 8+ years PF ? # 8+ yearsH H  H     X X H a)FL! S #%k2PUP# 5-7 years PF  ! S 5-7 yearsH H   m 1  m  1 }  H  H }   m 1  m  1 }  H  H } H   X X H a)FL! X #%k2PUP# 3-4 years PF  ! X 3-4 yearsH H  H m H  m   !  ] !  ]      H m H  m   !  ] !  ]      H     X X H a)FL! ] #%k2PUP# 1-2 years PF  ! ] 1-2 yearsH H      G     G    W  H  H W H c H  c     S   S              G     G    W  H  H W H c H  c     S   S          H     X X H [#FFw E!1#LL#%k2PP# 65% LPF w E!65%[#FFLL#%k2PP# 17% LPF 17%[#FF ilLL#%k2PP# 11% LPF  11%Z"FELL#%k2PP# 7% LPF 7%kFf9H#%k2PUP# From: House Ways and Means Committee Green Book 1996, Appendix L, pg. 1327 PF QK WayFrom: House Ways and Means Committee Green Book 1996, Appendix L, pg. 1327g g g s?s  ?p8F[ <N"#%k2PP# Oklahoma CSE Collections PF  ColOklahoma CSE Collections\$FG R#%k2PP# YEAR PF  YEARs  s s [ [ C C + +       \$FG #%k2PUP# 1991 PF 1991\$FG  #%k2PUP# 1992 PF  1992\$FG #%k2PUP# 1993 PF 1993\$FGpv #%k2PUP# 1994 PF p1994\$FGY] #%k2PUP# 1995 PF Y1995s??k3FV{#%k2PP# Millions of Dollars PF DollMillions of Dollarss s/8 c 8/ c/ 8c8c87c78c8c8?c?Y!FD  #%k2PUP# 0 PF  0Z"FEl  #%k2PUP# 10 PF l 10Z"FEl [#%k2PUP# 20 PF l 20Z"FElL#%k2PUP# 30 PF lL30Z"FEl #%k2PUP# 40 PF l40Z"FElc#%k2PUP# 50 PF l50Z"FElT#%k2PUP# 60 PF lT60Z"FEl#%k2PUP# 70 PF l70 /W W33  ##W3W3W ? ?     ? ? ? 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OO O OO  66 6 66  _ _ _ _ _     GG G GG    .. . ..  tt  ddtt     !YIYI!]%FHS# #%k2PUP# Total PF S#Totaluuuuuuh0FSI _#%k2PUP# TANF/Foster Care PF CareTANF/Foster Carezzzzzza)FL =#%k2PUP# non-TANF  PF  non-TANF 5Z"(EsI#%k2PXP# 25 P( 25[ (Fe#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (E /#%k2PXP# 25 25[ (FKM#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (E/#%k2PXP# 18 18[ (FnM#%k2PXP# 000 n000Y (D+#%k2PXP# , ,Y (Dy#%k2PXP# , ,Y (DQI#%k2PXP# , Q,Y!(D #%k2PXP# + P(  +5Z"(EiH#%k2PXP# 18 P( 18[ (Fe#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (E /#%k2PXP# 25 25[ (FKM#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (E/#%k2PXP# 18 18[ (FnM#%k2PXP# 000 n000Y (D+#%k2PXP# , ,Y (Dy#%k2PXP# , ,Y (DQI#%k2PXP# , Q,Y!(D #%k2PXP# + P(  +$Z"(EdH#%k2PXP# 17 P( 17[ (Ff#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (E0#%k2PXP# 17 17[ (F=M#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (Ex0#%k2PXP# 10 x10[ (FfM#%k2PXP# 000 f000Y (D,#%k2PXP# , ,Y (Dqk#%k2PXP# , q,Y (DHB#%k2PXP# , H,Y!(D#%k2PXP# + P( +$Z"(EcI#%k2PXP# 10 P( 10[ (Ff#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (E0#%k2PXP# 17 17[ (F=M#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (Ex0#%k2PXP# 10 x10[ (FfM#%k2PXP# 000 f000Y (D,#%k2PXP# , ,Y (Dqk#%k2PXP# , q,Y (DHB#%k2PXP# , H,Y!(D#%k2PXP# + P( + ^&(I?N#%k2PXP# Father P( FatherY (D'V#%k2PXP# s 'Vs`(K!#%k2PXP# DadsPart !DadsPartb(M[ #%k2PXP# ChildsPart  [ChildsPartY (D% W #%k2PXP# A % WAY!(D q -uu#%k2P_P# i RuP(  iY (Dy M uu#%k2P_P# n y nY (DI  /uu#%k2P_P# i I iY!(DW#%k2PXP# ' P( W'Y (DV#%k2PXP# * V*Y (D V #%k2PXP# *  V*Y!(DW#%k2PXP# = P( W=Y!(D  -uu#%k2P_P# - RuP(  -Y (Dr F /uu#%k2P_P# = r =\!(G" 7H ,,#%k2PP# # ,P( " 7Y!(D  -uu#%k2P_P# 1 RuP(  1Y (D  /uu#%k2P_P# 1  1Y!(D7#%k2PXP# A P( AY!(D9 uu#%k2P_P# 0 RuP( 90y^&(I/B#%k2PXP# Mother P( /MotherY!(D7#%k2PXP# A P( AY!(D7 uu#%k2P_P# i RuP( 7i `((Kr#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( rDadsPartb(M3<#%k2PXP# ChildsPart  ChildsPartY (D7#%k2PXP# A AY!(D uu#%k2P_P# i RuP(  iY!(D7#%k2PXP# * P( *Y (D7#%k2PXP# * *Y!(D6 uu#%k2P_P# - RuP( 6-Y!(DtH uu#%k2P_P# 1 RuP( t1y^&(I/B#%k2PXP# Mother P( /Mother1`((Kri#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( riDadsPartb*(MQu #%k2PXP# ChildsPart P(  QChildsPart^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /FatherY (D%#%k2PXP# s %sY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( 'G^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /Fathery^&(I/B#%k2PXP# Mother P( /MotherZ"(E"#%k2PXP# Re P( Re]%(Hz#%k2PXP# serve P( serve1`((Kri#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( riDadsPartQ ( `((Kr!#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( r!DadsPart^(IPf #%k2PXP# Father PfFather] (H@ J #%k2PXP# serve @ Jserve^(IL#%k2PXP# Father LFather] (H0 #%k2PXP# serve 0serve^(I Lb #%k2PXP# Mother  LMother] (H0%#%k2PXP# serve 0serveY!(DW#%k2PXP# = P( W=Y (D <#%k2PXP# -  -Y (DRJ##%k2PXP# - R-Y (D $#%k2PXP# +  +Y (DV P$#%k2PXP# - V -Z"(Ed Z#%k2PXP# Re P( d ReY (D$#%k2PXP# ( (Z (E5A#%k2PXP# Re ReY (D ##%k2PXP# )  )Y (D ##%k2PXP# (  (Z (E ;A#%k2PXP# Re  ReY (D##%k2PXP# ) )^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /FatherY (D%#%k2PXP# s %sY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( '^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /FatherY (D%#%k2PXP# s %sY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( '^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /FatherY (D%#%k2PXP# s %sY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( '^&(I/B#%k2PXP# Mother P( /Mother^(I/\#%k2PXP# Father /FatherY (DD<#%k2PXP# s DsY!(D7/#%k2PXP# + P( 7+Y!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( 'b*(MQu #%k2PXP# ChildsPart P(  QChildsPart[^&(I/B#%k2PXP# Mother P( /MotherY (DTL#%k2PXP# s Tsb(M@ #%k2PXP# ChildsPart  ChildsPartY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( 'Y!(D#%k2PXP# = P( =^&(I/B#%k2PXP# Mother P( /Mother^(I/\#%k2PXP# Father /FatherY (DD<#%k2PXP# s DsY!(D7/#%k2PXP# + P( 7+Y!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( '1`((Kri#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( riDadsPart^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /FatherY (D'#%k2PXP# s 's`(Ki#%k2PXP# DadsPart iDadsPartY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( 'Y!(D#%k2PXP# = P( =b*(MQu #%k2PXP# ChildsPart P(  QChildsPart^&(I/B#%k2PXP# Mother P( /Mother^(I/\#%k2PXP# Father /FatherY (DD<#%k2PXP# s DsY!(D7/#%k2PXP# + P( 7+Y!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( '^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /FatherY (D%#%k2PXP# s %sY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( '^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /FatherY (D%#%k2PXP# s %sY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( '1`((Kri#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( riDadsPartb*(MQu #%k2PXP# ChildsPart P(  QChildsPartY!(D#%k2PXP# = P( =`((Ki#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( iDadsPartb*(MQu #%k2PXP# ChildsPart P(  QChildsParty^&(I/B#%k2PXP# Mother P( /Mother^&(I/?#%k2PXP# Father P( /FatherY (D%#%k2PXP# s %sY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( 'k  H `((K#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( DadsPartb(M DA#%k2PXP# ChildsPart  ChildsPart^(Imf) #%k2PXP# Mother mfMother`(K#%k2PXP# DadsPart DadsPartb(M"F (#%k2PXP# ChildsPart  "ChildsPartY!(D=#%k2PXP# * P( *Y (D =#%k2PXP# * *Y (D}u##%k2PXP# ( }(Y (D##%k2PXP# * *Y (D $#%k2PXP# ) )Y (Dkc##%k2PXP# 1 k1Y!(D$#%k2PXP# - P( -1 # ^&(I?O#%k2PXP# Father P( FatherY (D'V#%k2PXP# s 'VsY!(DW#%k2PXP# ' P( W'Y (D=#%k2PXP# . .Y (D>#%k2PXP# * *Y (D>#%k2PXP# . .Y (D>#%k2PXP# * *[ (F7w#%k2PXP# $18 7$18Y (Dog =#%k2PXP# , o,Y (D/'##%k2PXP# ( /(Y (D##%k2PXP# . .Y (D$#%k2PXP# * *Y (D##%k2PXP# . .Y (D ##%k2PXP# ) )Z (E t #%k2PXP# $2  t$2Y (D| Wv #%k2PXP# , | W,Y (D V #%k2PXP# .  V.Y!(DV#%k2PXP# = P( V=Y (D$#%k2PXP# - -Y (D V #%k2PXP# =  V=Y!(DbZ=#%k2PXP# 0 P( b0Z (E7Z#%k2PXP# 63 63Y (DTL=#%k2PXP# 0 T0Z (E*Z#%k2PXP# 20 20[ (F: x#%k2PXP# 000 000Y (D##%k2PXP# 1 1Y (Dvn##%k2PXP# 0 v0Z (EMA#%k2PXP# 63 63Y (Dh`##%k2PXP# 0 h0Z (E@ A#%k2PXP# 20 20[ (F F #%k2PXP# 594  594Z (E tN#%k2PXP# 97  t971`((Kri#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( riDadsPart! & ^&(I?O#%k2PXP# Father P( FatherY (D'V#%k2PXP# s 'VsY!(DW#%k2PXP# ' P( W'Y (D=#%k2PXP# . .Y (D>#%k2PXP# * *Y (D>#%k2PXP# . .Y (D>#%k2PXP# * *[ (F:w#%k2PXP# $18 :$18Y (Drj =#%k2PXP# , r,Y (D/'##%k2PXP# ( /(Y (D$#%k2PXP# . .Y (D$#%k2PXP# * *Y (D##%k2PXP# . .Y (D ##%k2PXP# ) )Z (E t #%k2PXP# $2  t$2Y (D Wy #%k2PXP# ,  W,Y (D W #%k2PXP# .  W.Y!(DW#%k2PXP# = P( W=Y (D$#%k2PXP# - -Y (D V #%k2PXP# =  V=Y!(DbZ=#%k2PXP# 0 P( b0Z (E8Z#%k2PXP# 58 58Y (DUO>#%k2PXP# 0 U0Z (E-Z#%k2PXP# 20 20[ (F= x#%k2PXP# 000 000Y (D##%k2PXP# 1 1Y (Duo$#%k2PXP# 0 u0Z (ENA#%k2PXP# 58 58Y (Dkc##%k2PXP# 0 k0Z (EC A#%k2PXP# 20 20[ (F G #%k2PXP# 361  361Z (E s>#%k2PXP# 99  s99Y!(D'#%k2PXP# ( P( (Y (D&#%k2PXP# _ _Y (Dy&#%k2PXP# ( (Y (DC ; &#%k2PXP# * C *Z (E4 D#%k2PXP# )) 4 ))Y (D &#%k2PXP# *  *Y (D_W&#%k2PXP# ( _(Y (D'#%k2PXP# ' 'Y (D[U'#%k2PXP# ) [)]%(H59#%k2PXP# Adult P( 5Adult_(Jn'#%k2PXP# Percent nPercent`(K#%k2PXP# MomsPart MomsPartb(Mg *#%k2PXP# ChildsPart  g ChildsPart] (H5#%k2PXP# Award 5Award^(IhQ"#%k2PXP# Father hQFatherY (D'#%k2PXP# s sY!(D'#%k2PXP# + P( +Y (D&#%k2PXP# - -B^&(I@?#%k2PXP# Father P( @FatherY (D'#%k2PXP# s 'sY!(D#%k2PXP# ' P( 'Y (D#%k2PXP# . .Y (D#%k2PXP# . .[ (FQQ#%k2PXP# $43 Q$43Y (D #%k2PXP# , ,Z (E  3#%k2PXP# $5  $5\ (G^ f n#%k2PXP# ,237 ^ ,237[ (F lQ#%k2PXP# .40  .40Y!(D#%k2PXP# = P( =\ (G#%k2PXP#  \ (G#%k2PXP#  Y (D  #%k2PXP# =  =Y!(DPJ#%k2PXP# 0 P( P0Z (E'3#%k2PXP# 58 58Y (Da[#%k2PXP# 0 a0Z (E:4#%k2PXP# 21 21[ (FS Q#%k2PXP# 000 000mY!(D'#%k2PXP# ( P( (Y (DVN&#%k2PXP# . 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X.Z (Eo R #%k2PXP# $3 o R$3Y (D6 50 #%k2PXP# , 6 5,Z (EJ R #%k2PXP# $9 J R$9Y (D 5#%k2PXP# ,  5,Z (EER#%k2PXP# $1 ER$1Y (D4#%k2PXP# , 4,[ (FCo#%k2PXP# .48 Co.48Y!(D5#%k2PXP# = P( 5=Y (D4 #%k2PXP# - 4-Y (D 5 #%k2PXP# -  5-Y (D5#%k2PXP# = 5=[#(Fh V#%k2PXP# 000 P( h000Y (D#%k2PXP# 0 0Z (E{#%k2PXP# 23 {23[ (FT o #%k2PXP# 000 T o000[ (F5 o#%k2PXP# 000 5 o000[ (F#o#%k2PXP# 043 #o043S % ^&(IBO#%k2PXP# Mother P( MotherY (DTVL#%k2PXP# s TVs] (HbJ#%k2PXP# Child bJChild_(J#%k2PXP# Support SupportY (D =#%k2PXP# T TZ (EN Z#%k2PXP# et N et^(I f#%k2PXP# Mother  fMother] (HJ{#%k2PXP# Adult JAdulta(L5$#%k2PXP# Component  5Component] (HJ"#%k2PXP# serve Jserve^(ILn#%k2PXP# Father LFather^(IL^ #%k2PXP# Mother LMother] (H 0l#%k2PXP# serve  0serve] (H0#%k2PXP# Child 0Child_(Ji #%k2PXP# Support iSupportY (D$#%k2PXP# T TZ (EA#%k2PXP# et etY!(DV#%k2PXP# ' P( V'Y (D_W<#%k2PXP# _ __Y (Dh` <#%k2PXP# ( h([ (F.  w#%k2PXP# arg . argY (D =#%k2PXP# )  )Y (DQ K =#%k2PXP# * Q *Y (D =#%k2PXP# (  (Y (D<#%k2PXP# _ _Z (E8Z#%k2PXP# Re ReY (D=#%k2PXP# ) )Y (D $#%k2PXP# (  (Y (D ##%k2PXP# *  *Z (E. @#%k2PXP# Re . ReY (D$#%k2PXP# ) )Y (D$#%k2PXP# _ _Y (D$#%k2PXP# ( ([ (F|(]#%k2PXP# arg |argY (DA9##%k2PXP# ) A)Y!(DW#%k2PXP# = P( W=Y (D=#%k2PXP# + +Y (DSM=#%k2PXP# - S-Y (D7/##%k2PXP# + 7+Y (DT L ##%k2PXP# - T -Y (DD<##%k2PXP# - D-Y!(D, & $#%k2PXP# 2 P( , 2_'(Jun#%k2PXP# Spousal P( unSpousalZ (ED#%k2PXP# Ma Ma^(IQj#%k2PXP# enance QenanceY (D[U'#%k2PXP# T [TZ (EQ D#%k2PXP# et et] (H 5 #%k2PXP# Adult  5Adulta(L #%k2PXP# Component  Component^(IHQ#%k2PXP# Mother HQMotherY (D'#%k2PXP# s sY!(D<6'#%k2PXP# _ P( <_[ (Fa#%k2PXP# int intY (D&#%k2PXP# ( ([ (F a#%k2PXP# arg argY (D '#%k2PXP# )  )Y (D '#%k2PXP# _  _Y (D&#%k2PXP# ' 'Y!(D  '#%k2PXP# = P(  =Y (D'#%k2PXP# + +V^&(IB>#%k2PXP# Mother P( MotherY (DSFM#%k2PXP# s SFsY!(DE#%k2PXP# ' P( E'Z (EJ#%k2PXP# $3 $3Y (DGA-#%k2PXP# , G,Y (D,#%k2PXP# * *[ (F1g#%k2PXP# ($9 1($9Y (DLD,#%k2PXP# , L,Z (E` J#%k2PXP# $1 ` $1Y (D!  ,#%k2PXP# , ! ,[ (F^  g#%k2PXP# .48 ^ .48Z (E oJ#%k2PXP# $8  $8Y (D -#%k2PXP# ,  ,Y (DHB-#%k2PXP# ) H)[ (FrL#%k2PXP# $25 $25Y (D#%k2PXP# , ,Z (Ee0#%k2PXP# $9 $9Y (D#%k2PXP# , ,[ (F M#%k2PXP# $16  $16Y (D&  #%k2PXP# , & ,] (H {#%k2PXP# $3000  $3000\ (GPX#%k2PXP# $408 P$408Y (DE#%k2PXP# . E.Y!(DF#%k2PXP# = P( F=Y (D -#%k2PXP# + +Y (D ,#%k2PXP# -  -Y (D#%k2PXP# + +Y (Dh b #%k2PXP# - h -Y (D #%k2PXP# -  -Y (DF#%k2PXP# = F=[#(Fgf#%k2PXP# 000 P( g000[ (Fi g#%k2PXP# 000 i000[ (F>  g#%k2PXP# 043 > 043[ (Fg#%k2PXP# 000 000[ (FM#%k2PXP# 000 000[ (F M#%k2PXP# 000 000[ (FC M#%k2PXP# 000 C 000Z (Ecm#%k2PXP# 69 c69_'(Jun#%k2PXP# Spousal P( unSpousalZ (ED#%k2PXP# Ma Ma^(IQj#%k2PXP# enance QenanceY (D[U'#%k2PXP# T [TZ (EP C#%k2PXP# et etY!(D<6'#%k2PXP# _ P( <_[ (Fa#%k2PXP# int intY (D&#%k2PXP# ( ([ (F a#%k2PXP# arg argY (D '#%k2PXP# )  )] (H 5 #%k2PXP# $1043  5$1043[ (F :a#%k2PXP# .48  .48Y (D~v&#%k2PXP# . ~.Z (EDD#%k2PXP# $1 D$1Y (D&#%k2PXP# , ,Y (Db\'#%k2PXP# . b.Y!(D  '#%k2PXP# = P(  =Y (D '#%k2PXP# +  +Y (D'#%k2PXP# = =[#(FG`#%k2PXP# 408 P( G408Z (ED#%k2PXP# 70 70[ (F$a#%k2PXP# 452 $452Z (EvD#%k2PXP# 18 v18 `((Krx#%k2PXP# DadsPart P( rDadsPartY!(DF#%k2PXP# = P( F=Y (D-#%k2PXP# - -Y (D ,#%k2PXP# -  -Y (D#%k2PXP# + +Y (D #%k2PXP# -  -Y (D F#%k2PXP# =  F=\$(G#%k2PXP# ($25 P( ($25Y (D,#%k2PXP# , ,Z (E+}I#%k2PXP# $1 +$1Y (D,#%k2PXP# , ,Y (DI C -#%k2PXP# . I .Y (D- ' -#%k2PXP# ) - )Z (E t J#%k2PXP# $8  $8Y (D -#%k2PXP# ,  ,[ (FM#%k2PXP# $25 $25Y (DME#%k2PXP# , M,Z (Ea0#%k2PXP# $9 a$9Y (D/' #%k2PXP# , /,[ (F7 M#%k2PXP# $16 7 $16Y (Dt n #%k2PXP# , t ,Y (DF#%k2PXP# . F.[ (F6f#%k2PXP# 000 6000[ (F  g#%k2PXP# 452  452Z (E] J#%k2PXP# 18 ] 18[ (F  g#%k2PXP# 000  000[ (FjM#%k2PXP# 000 j000[ (FL M#%k2PXP# 000 L000[ (F @ M#%k2PXP# 000  000Y (D5F/#%k2PXP# 0 5F0] (H"#%k2PXP# 86377 86377  ^&(I?O#%k2PXP# Father P( FatherY (D'V#%k2PXP# s 'VsY!(DW#%k2PXP# ' P( W'Y (D=#%k2PXP# . .Y (D>#%k2PXP# * *Y (D>#%k2PXP# . .Y (D>#%k2PXP# * *[ (FX x#%k2PXP# ($9 X($9Y (Dq k >#%k2PXP# , q ,Z (E [#%k2PXP# $1  $1Y (DF @ >#%k2PXP# , F ,Y (D =#%k2PXP# .  .Y (D=#%k2PXP# ) )Y (D$#%k2PXP# ( (Y (D$#%k2PXP# . .Y (D $#%k2PXP# *  *Y (D $#%k2PXP# .  .Y (D $#%k2PXP# )  )Z (Et#%k2PXP# $2 t$2Y (DwVo#%k2PXP# , wV,Y (DW#%k2PXP# . W.Y!(DV#%k2PXP# = P( V=Y (D >#%k2PXP# +  +Y (D##%k2PXP# - -Y (DV#%k2PXP# = V=Y!(DbZ=#%k2PXP# 0 P( b0] (HJ##%k2PXP# 86377 J86377Y (Dx=#%k2PXP# 0 0Z (EVZ#%k2PXP# 23 23[ (F = x#%k2PXP# 000  000[ (Fg x#%k2PXP# 452 g 452Z (E Z#%k2PXP# 18  18Y (D$#%k2PXP# 1 1Y (DbZ##%k2PXP# 0 b0] (H0# #%k2PXP# 86377 086377Y (D~ x $#%k2PXP# 0 ~ 0Z (E V @#%k2PXP# 23  23[ (F@#%k2PXP# 591 591Z (Et6#%k2PXP# 31 t31]%(H5#%k2PXP# Child P( 5Child_(Jn#%k2PXP# Support nSupportY (D'#%k2PXP# T TZ (EqD#%k2PXP# et qetY!(Dz'#%k2PXP# _ P( _Y (D&#%k2PXP# ( ([ (FQa#%k2PXP# arg QargY (D'#%k2PXP# ) )Z (E#u C#%k2PXP# $2 #$2Y (D &#%k2PXP# , ,Y (D> 6 &#%k2PXP# . > .\ (G  }#%k2PXP# $408  $408Y (Dh `&#%k2PXP# . h .Z (E'{D#%k2PXP# $3 '$3Y (D&#%k2PXP# , ,Y (DJD'#%k2PXP# . J.Y!(D'#%k2PXP# = P( =Y (DM E &#%k2PXP# + M +Y (D'#%k2PXP# = =[#(F a#%k2PXP# 591 P(  591Z (E_ C#%k2PXP# 31 _ 31Z (E D#%k2PXP# 69  69[ (F`#%k2PXP# 000 000Z (EpC#%k2PXP# 00 p002(f|0|heading 1heading 1C9#XX2PQXP# #x P7 P#heading 4heading 4>4#X P7 XP##x P7 P#heading 5heading 5  heading 6heading 6 2|Z|֥|RΦheading 7heading 7 heading 8heading 8 heading 9heading 9 Default Paragraph FoDefault Paragraph Font11#XP\  P6QXP##x P7 P#2p  z 4 Rendnote referenceendnote reference 44#XP\  P6QXP##x P7 P#page numberpage number 11#XP\  P6QXP##x P7 P#footerfooter X` hp x (#!$ !$ X` hp x (#headerheader X` hp x (#!$ !$ X` hp x (#2p vbخfootnote referencefootnote reference 44#W\  P6QP##x P7 P#footnote textfootnote text Style1Style1;1#XX2PQXP##x P7 P#Fake Heading 1Fake Heading 1C9#XX2PQXP# #x P7 P#2fl*AbstractAbstract;1#XX2PQXP##x P7 P#BodyBody;1#XX2PQXP##x P7 P#toc 1toc 1X` hp x (#!$#XX2PQXP##x P7 P#!$X` hp x (#captioncaption;1#XX2PQXP##x P7 P# X  (H #y\  P6QP# Oklahoma Joint Senate and House Judiciary Child Support Guideline Review for House Interim Study 9733 #^\  P6QP# by Gregory J. Palumbo, Ph.D.' November 25, 1997 #XP\  P6QXP#  ' Policy Analyst, American Fathers Coalition, 2000 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Ste. 148, Washington, D.C. 20006, (202)8351000. and Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, (405)2714117#^\  P6QP# TTABLE OF CONTENTS#XP\  P6QXP# JKK @@KK @@J OOSectionPageOOABSTRACTiiiOOI.Federal Law and 4 year Child Support Guideline ReviewOOI.A.Child Support Guideline History1OOI.A. 1.Child Support Guideline Models2OOI.A. 1.a. Percentage-of-Income Approach 3OOI.A. 1.b. Income-Shares Approach3OOI.A. 1.c. Delaware Melson Approach3OOI.A. 1.d. Newer Approaches for Child Support Guidelines4OOI.A. 2.Problems with Original Child Support Guidelines4OOI.A. 3.The Goals of Child Support Guideline Review5OOI.A. 4.Federal Audits and Financial Penalties6OOOOII. The Costs of Raising ChildrenOOII. A. Oklahoma and US Family Income7OOII. B.Historical Expenditures on Children by Families7OOII. C.USDA Yearly Reports on Expenditures8OOOOIII. The Myth that Child Support Reduces the Number of TANF FamiliesOOIII.A. Welfare15OOIII.A.1. Programs15OOIII.A.2. Welfare Recipients16OOIII.A.3. Welfare Recipients LongTerm Dependency17OOIII.B. Families Absent a Biologic Parent18OOIII.C. Myths18OOIII.D. Can Child Support Replace Welfare?22OOAPPENDIX23 OO#C\  P6QP#Comparison of Child Support Guidelines in Surrounding States by Patrick J. Finley, DVM, MPH#XP\  P6QXP# 23 OO#C\  P6QP#Rational Basis is the Key Focus in Emerging Third Generation Child Support Technology by Roger. F. Gay#XP\  P6QXP# 30 OO#C\  P6QP#New Equations for Calculating Child Support and Spousal Maintenance with Discussion of Child Support Guidelines by Roger Gay#XP\  P6QXP# 35 OO#C\  P6QP#Child Support Guideline Developed by Childrens Rights Council by Donald J. Bieniewicz#XP\  P6QXP# 61  ii ABSTRACT This document has been prepared on behalf of the noncustodial parents in the State of Oklahoma who routinely provide emotional and financial support for their children. This document is intended to help the Oklahoma Joint Senate and House Judiciary Child Support Guideline Review Committee for House Interim Study 9733 to facilitate their review process. The Family Support Act of 1988 requires a review of the States child support guidelines every 4 years. The Federal Government set two requirements for the review of child support guidelines that include consideration of (1) economic data related to the cost of raising children in the State, and (2) then analyze case data related to the application of and deviations from the child support guidelines [ 45 CFR 302.56(h)]. This document contains a history of child support guidelines and an overview of the approaches used by the 50 States in establishing their child support guidelines. Also included are several newer child support guideline formulas provided by Roger Gay and Donald J. Bieniewicz. We have also included a section that covers median family income in Oklahoma in comparison to the U.S. median family income over the past 10 years. We have included an explanation and discussion of the USDA estimates on expenditures on children by families. A historical analysis of expenditures on children by families using a percentage of gross family income spent per category is also provided, and demonstrates that there has been little change by category since 1985. There is a review of welfare and the entitlement programs that encompass welfare in the third section. We have also included summary information on the most recent and comprehensive study on child support compliance in the U.S. compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau. A comparison of child support guidelines in Oklahoma and surrounding States that was given to the House Judiciary Committee in the spring is included. Last, several myths about child support and its role in removal of welfare recipients from the welfare rolls are debunked. It is our hope that this document will help educate and inform committee members of the Joint Senate and House Judiciary Child Support Guideline Review Committee, especially those who may not have been involved in review of child support guidelines in the past. Our analysis of the available data on cost of living, current Oklahoma child support guidelines, and the estimates of expenditures on children by families indicate noncustodial parents in Oklahoma have been paying more than their fare share of child support. Noncustodial parents have not only been paying more than their share of child support needed to raise children in Oklahoma since implementation of the presumptive guidelines in 1990, but they continue to do so even to this day. Oklahomans at present pay child support at levels that are comparable to those present in the guidelines used in surrounding states. It is therefore unnecessary at this time to raise the child support guidelines in Oklahoma.   iii I.Federal Law and 4 Year Child Support Guideline Review The Federal Government set only two requirements in the Family Support Act of 1988 for State guideline child support reviews that are to occur every 4 years. States must consider (1) economic data related to the cost of raising children in the State, and (2) then analyze case data related to the application of and deviations from the child support guidelines [ 45 CFR 302.56(h)]. The purpose of the 4 year child support guideline review process is to ensure that their applications result in the determination of appropriate child support awards (effective October 13, 1989). [Section 103(b) of the Family Support Act, supra note 5 to be codified at 42 U.S.C. 667(a) (1991).] According to the Department of Health and Human Services# footnote reference##W\  P6QP#X0X01ÍÍ(Hsfootnote text (H #W\  P6QP## footnote reference##W\  P6QP## P7 P#э) footnote reference)#C\  P6QP#Evaluation of Child Support Guidelines. Volume 1. Findings and Conclusions. March 1996. US. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement.#x P7 P#s#XP\  P6QXP#, States reviewing their child support guidelines to date have considered childrearing cost analyses, surveys, case studies, have had public discussions and comments, interviews with custodial parents and noncustodial parents and attorneys and judges, and used expert research. One area that has been missing as an essential part of the child support guideline review process has been determination of the effects of child support on the noncustodial parent and his/her interaction with the children, and the well being of the children. In States having gone though the review process, once the relevant information was gathered it was analyzed in regard to relevant statutes, regulations, court rules, administrative procedures, State and local practice, and public perception. It is only through having an understanding of the history of the derivation and implementation of child support guidelines, the basis for the guidelines, structure of the guidelines, in combination with results of how the guidelines were implemented over the past 4 years with newly acquired information such as cost surveys, etc., can reviewers determine whether to change the guidelines and how best this can be done. The modification of State child support guidelines involves the modification of the formula used to generate the child support tables in each State. I.A.Child Support Guideline History The U.S. Congress in 1984 dictated to the States to establish child support guidelines as a requisite for receiving Federal funding for public welfare programs. [ The Child Support Enforcement Amendments of 1984, Public Law (P.L.) 98 ! 378, 98 Stat. 1305 (1984).] The child support guidelines only had to serve in an advisory capacity. Upon passage of the Family Support Act of 1988, States were required to establish child support guidelines that operate as rebuttable presumptions of the proper support amount. According to the Department of Health and Human Services#\  P6QP#1#XP\  P6QXP#, the following Federal requirements were to guide States in developing support guidelines:#C\  P6QP# Support guidelines must be uniform throughout the State. Support guidelines must be numerical formulas that, at a minimum, consider all of an obligor's income and provide for the child's health care needs. [ See 45 CFR 302.56.] Support guidelines must provide rebuttable, presumptive amounts in any judicial or administrative proceeding involving the establishment of a child support order. Support guidelines must be used both to establish an initial child support order as well as to determine any subsequent award modification. [ 42 U.S.C. 666(a)(10)(A), (B).] A State must apply the guidelines to all cases; it cannot exclude an entire category of cases (e.g., high-income or low-income cases). [ See 56 Fed. Reg. 22,335 (1191).] State criteria for deviating from a guideline must take into consideration the child(ren)'s best interests. [45 CFR 302.56(g).] #XP\  P6QXP# There is no uniform Federal child support guideline. The Federal law requiring the establishment of State child support guidelines also did not dictate what elements should go into their creation. There is no Federal law that mandates that one parent be more accountable for the support of the child(ren) than the other, nor is there a requirement that one parent support the lifestyle of the custodial parent to the lifestyle they had prior to divorce/separation. Lifestyle support that some States mandate under the guise of child support is little more than backdoor alimony. No State at present requires an accounting by the obligee of the use of child support funds received from the obligor, or accounting of the funds that the obligee is responsible for contributing towards maintaining the children. Many States vary on what constitutes additions or deductions to a child support obligation that determines the support paid from the obligor to the obligee. Common additions to child support obligations include medical care and childcare provisions. Importantly, child support formulas that establish a percentage of gross or net income of parents in determining a child support obligation (that are equivalent to USDA estimates on gross income expenditures on children by families) and then add in medical care and childcare, double charge the obligor for childcare and medical care for the children as these categories are built into the estimates# footnote reference##W\  P6QP#cfootnote text (H #W\  P6QP## footnote reference##W\  P6QP## P7 P#э) footnote reference)#C\  P6QP#Lino, Mark. 1996. Expenditures on Children by Families, 1995 Annual Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutritional Policy and Promotion, Miscellaneous Publication No. 15281995.#x P7 P#c#XP\  P6QXP#. In addition to establishing the cost of raising children in that State, several States take into account the type of custody and the costs associated with maintaining the children when with either parent, costs associated with extended parenting time, travel expenses of parents and children, second families, tax burdens, other support obligations, etc. The variation that exists in State laws that influence child support guidelines is one major reason why there are differences in the child support awards amongst different States#\  P6QP#1#XP\  P6QXP#. I.A. 1.Child Support Guideline Models Federal law at present does not require States to adopt a particular type of child support guideline and thus State guidelines vary. The Family support Act of 1988 mandated all States to have implemented a child support guideline by 1992 that awarded the presumptively correct amount of child support. Three approaches account for the child support guidelines used in the different States, including some form of a percentage-of-income model, the income-shares model, and the Delaware Melson formula. Since the implementation of child support guidelines by the States in response to the Family Support Act of 1988, other models and formulas have been developed that more accurately apportion the costs of raising children to both parents. These latter models are used in incomeshares approaches to determining child support and more accurately assess the costs associated with raising children and the costs that each parent incurs while parenting. One model was presented by Donald J. Bieniewicz in a recent DHHS publication# footnote reference##W\  P6QP#footnote text (H #W\  P6QP## footnote reference##W\  P6QP## P7 P#э) footnote reference)#C\  P6QP#Bieniewicz, D. Child Support Guideline Developed by the Childrens Rights Council. 1994. In: Child Support Guidelines: The Next Generation. 1994. Ed: M.C. Haynes. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child support Enforcement #x P7 P##XP\  P6QXP# (Appendix) and has been recently adopted in New Jersey. A second child support guideline formula developed by Roger Gay was provided to the House Judiciary Committee during the spring meeting on child support guideline review and is included again in the Appendix. The three basic approaches to determining child support guidelines are presented below and the information was obtained from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services#\  P6QP#1 #XP\  P6QXP#and the U.S. House and Ways Committee Green Book# footnote reference##W\  P6QP#rfootnote text (H #W\  P6QP## footnote reference##W\  P6QP## P7 P#э) footnote reference)#C\  P6QP#WMCP: 104!14. 1996 Green Book. Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means. 104th Congress. Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives#x P7 P#r#XP\  P6QXP#. The District of Columbia and Massachusetts use variations that combine several of these three approaches. I.A. 1.a.Percentage-of-Income Approach Child support awards that are based on a percentage of the obligor's income are used in 15 States. The percentage of income approach is based solely on the noncustodial parents income and the number of children to be supported (the child support obligation is not adjusted for the income of the custodial parent). The percentages vary by State as does the use of gross or net income. The percentage of the noncustodial parents income allocated as child support is fixed and remains constant at varying income levels. Wisconsin is one State that uses this model and the following allocation of noncustodial parent gross income per child: one child"17 percent; two children"25 percent; three children"29 percent; four children"31 percent; and five or more children"34 percent. There is no noncustodial parent income set aside for that parent to live as a selfsupport reserve, i.e. what ever is left of the noncustodial parents income after paying child support is what they have for housing, food, transportation, medical, etc. Other States that use this approach for setting child support guidelines include Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. I.A. 1.b. Income-Shares Approach The income-shares model is used in 31 States including Oklahoma. This model was developed by Dr. R. Williams and attempts to determine the costs of raising children in the U.S. This approach increases the dollar amount allocated to raising children as income level of both parents increases, but takes into account the actual percentage of parental income spent on a child decreases as income increases. That is, the award amount is calculated based on the combined incomes of both parents, and takes into consideration that poorer parents spend more of their income in supporting themselves and their children than richer parents. Upon determining from the guidelines the appropriate support amount for the children, the child support is the apportioned between the parents based on each parent's proportion of the total parent income. In many States the similarly apportioned cost for child care and medical expenses are added to the basic support amount# footnote reference##W\  P6QP#footnote text (H #W\  P6QP## footnote reference##W\  P6QP## P7 P#э) footnote reference)#C\  P6QP#Williams, R. 1987. Development of Guidelines for Child Support Orders: Advisory Panel Recommendations and Final Report, II-68 to II-75. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Support Enforcement#x P7 P#ш#XP\  P6QXP#. Other states using this approach include Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington#I2PQP#. #XP\  P6QXP#What most States have failed to do according to the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child support Enforcement#\  P6QP#1#XP\  P6QXP# is to accurately determine the costs associated with raising children in the State and determine if the costs have changed when reviewing the guidelines. I.A. 1.c.Delaware Melson Approach Four States (Delaware, Hawaii, Montana, and West Virginia) use a version of the MelsonDelaware approach. Judge Elwood F. Melson, Jr., of Delaware developed his formula in 1979 and it has been used in Delaware since then with only one revision in 1990. The MelsonDelaware formula starts with net income of both parents and sets aside a selfsupport reserve that allows subsistence requirementsthis reserve is below the poverty level income for a single person as established by the Federal government. The parental income left is then used to determine their proportion of a guideline specified basic cost per child. Then based on the number of dependent children an additional percentage of parental income is added as additional support. Child care expenses and extraordinary medical expenses are then added to the childs primary support amount and also prorated to each parents support obligation. I.A. 1.d.Newer Approaches for Child Support Guidelines Mr. Roger Gay has written several articles and testified as an expert nationally and internationally on child support estimations. He has outlined those parameters that are important in constructing a formula to establish a child support guideline (appendix) as well as generating a child support formula. In contrast to the USDA methodology for determining expenditures on children (Section II), Mr. Gay analyses each category of spending based on what a single parent "spends" rather than what both parents' might be spending if they were living together. He also blends in the poverty rate for each parent calculating "ability to pay", that could be substituted with the income level at which income is low enough to become eligible for TANF benefits in each individual state. I have provided a copy of a paper of his, with his authorization, that details his integrated model used to calculate child support. The basic definition of "child support" should serve as the highest authority in determining the award, rather than the rigid formula. The break down of costs into categories in his model serves to assist the court in determining if there are items within the total estimate of cost that are inappropriate in an individual case, and how much deviation would be appropriate. Similarly, I have also provided a copy of the Childrens Rights Council (CRC) child support formula that has been published recently in a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Support Enforcement book#\  P6QP#3#XP\  P6QXP#. Their stated objective is to insure that both biologic parents meet the needs of the children both financially and emotionally. The CRC approach also takes into account a selfsupport reserve for each parent as well as apportioning the costs for both parents raising children in separate households. The CRC approach does not take into account the problems that arise with second families and this issue was addressed by the State of New Jersey prior to adopting this newer and more accurate child support guideline approach. I.A. 2.Problems with Original Child Support Guidelines When Congress passed the Family Support Act of 1988, there were very few child support guideline approaches in existence. One approach that was adopted by most States, including Oklahoma, was the formula proposed by Williams using an incomeshare approach. Although this model attempts to equally distribute financial responsibilities for raising children to both parents it has a number of short comings. Several issues not addressed in the Williams approach is the actual expenditures on children by families. Most cost accounting methods used to track family expenditures do not actually track all costs per person through a marginal cost accounting basis and thus do not reflect true costs. The Williams approach was no different. Further, estimated expenditures that rely on a percentage of gross income from the Williams formula already included all expenditures including childcare and medical, yet Congress mandated health care for children be included in the guidelines, and most States added childcare expenses. Thus the States that use the Williams model are often charging the noncustodial parent twice for these expenditures on children. The Williams model also fails to account for costs incurred while the noncustodial parent exercises his/her parenting time. And finally, the Williams model does not account for new families and children. In summary, the formulas and approaches used to generate child support guidelines between 1988 and 1992 were inaccurate, and poor designed for allocating the costs of raising children between both biologic parents. In many states a lumpallfamily situations into one approach has resulted in unforeseen hardships on the custodial parent, noncustodial parent, and children from the first family and secondary families. Review of child support orders and modifications can take months, does not allow backwards adjustments for both noncustodial parents and custodial parents, and a rigid guideline approach doesnt allow for rapid but unforeseen changes in circumstances such as loss of employment, health problems, injuries, or in many cases new obligations. This inability to rapidly address emergency situations can lead to a custodial parent not receiving the assistance they need, or the ruination of the noncustodial parent by laws in place to punish willful evaders of child support and their parenting responsibilities. According to both the General Accounting Office and results from the last comprehensive Census survey, parents who can pay support do pay support while those who do not pay are unable to pay support# footnote reference##W\  P6QP#@footnote text (H #W\  P6QP## footnote reference##W\  P6QP## P7 P#э) footnote reference)#C\  P6QP#Interstate Child Support: Mothers Report Receiving Less Support From OutofState Fathers. U.S. General Accounting Office Report" GAO/HRD-92-39FS, January, 1992#x P7 P#@#\  P6QP#,# footnote reference##W\  P6QP#mfootnote text (H #W\  P6QP## footnote reference##W\  P6QP## P7 P#э) footnote reference)#C\  P6QP#U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income Series P60187, Child Support for Custodial Mothers and Fathers, 1991. Issued August 1995, by Lydia ScoonRogers and Gordon H. Lester#x P7 P#m#XP\  P6QXP#. For example, the courts and laws typically take the position that the fathers prior child support obligations take absolute precedence over the needs of the new family or changes in circumstances of that family. A new family may contain children of the new spouse from a previous marriage for example, who lose their child support because of death/loss of the obligors income for the nonbiologic children of the father of this family, who already has a child support obligation to the children of his first family. Disregarding the circumstances that have caused the hardship now in the second family or to an obligor because of rigid laws with no plasticity, thereby potentially making one group of children more privileged than another, is unfair to all of the children and families involved in the longterm because ruination of a obligor affects both families. In intact, once married families with children, the family must cope with job loss, injury, etc. and will do its best to avoid ruin and hardship while in second families or complex families with support obligations, rigid laws do not allow the flexibility to handle catastrophe/hardship/change in circumstance. Similarly, child support guidelines that ruin financially an obligors ability to live and work in the longterm hurt not only the obligor, but the their children as well. I.A. 3.The Goals of Child Support Guideline Review In order to determine the effectiveness of State child support guidelines in supporting children, a review is by law to occur every four years. Questions the Department of Health and Human Services has addressed while evaluating States performance on child support guidelines include#\  P6QP#1#XP\  P6QXP#: #C\  P6QP#  How are State child support guidelines applied? What are the extent, amount, direction, and causes of deviations from the guideline formula? How do States account for families' special circumstances, such as second-family members (e.g., former or other children, stepchildren, and subsequent spouses), work-related and other child care, health insurance or health care expenses, and visitation and custody expenses? In addition, how do States extend guideline application to children who are past the age of majority or emancipation? To what degree are guidelines applied in the case of children who are students in postsecondary vocational or academic schools? Do decisionmakers address these circumstances by adjusting the award amount or by deviating from the guideline formula? When guidelines are implemented, is a verified income statement used? Is income imputation mentioned in the guidelines? What special issues relate to interstate child support cases? Have any problems arisen in applying guidelines to such cases? What aspect(s) of establishing interstate support orders using guidelines present particular challenges (e.g., gathering financial information and seeking or preventing deviations)? What is the extent and quality of each mandated State guideline review? What findings resulted and what actions were taken as a result of these mandated reviews? Are the guideline reviews up to date, and do they meet the regulatory requirements (e.g., collect data on deviations and provide evidence of analyzing the cost of raising children when determining guidelines)? What is the impact of mandated guidelines on the level of the award amount and on compliance? What is the effect of case status (in-state versus interstate) on the award amount?#XP\  P6QXP# The efficacy of the child support guideline review process conducted in each State, according to the Department of Health and Human Services, was dependent on the effort and time put into the guideline review process. The questions the Department of Health and Human Services addressed in their review should be part of the State guideline review process. In depth analysis of child support issues from the guidelines, to awards, to compliance, to effects on parents and their ability to parent, to effects on poverty, to providing for children will better enable the child support guideline review committee to best serve its citizens including those unable to represent themselvesthe children. I.A. 4.Federal Audits and Financial Penalties One issue that arises when States follow or fail to follow mandated Federal laws is what happens to Federal funds provided to the State. To inform the committee on the penalties to the State for failure to comply with the Family Support Act of 1988 I have included the section present in the House Ways and Means Committee Green Book of 1996#\  P6QP#4#XP\  P6QXP#. As this excerpt describes, the penalties to the State for failure to comply with any aspect of the Family Support Act of 1988 does not put into jeopardy those families, nor the children, most likely to need assistance. #C\  P6QP# Audits are required at least every 3 years to determine whether the standards and requirements prescribed by law and regulations have been met by the child support program of every State. If a State fails the audit, Federal AFDC matching funds must be reduced by an amount equal to at least 1 but not more than 2 percent for the first failure to comply, at least 2 but not more than 3 percent for the second failure, and at least 3 but not more than 5 percent for the third and subsequent failures. According to OCSE, two States that had followup reports issued in fiscal year 1993 and failed to achieve substantial compliance had a 1 percent penalty imposed during fiscal year 1994. If a penalty is imposed after a followup review, a State may appeal the audit penalty to the HHS Departmental Appeals Board. Payment of the penalty is delayed while the appeal is pending. The appeals board reviews the written records which may be supplemented by informal conferences and evidentiary hearings. The penalty may be suspended for up to 1 year to allow a State time to implement corrective actions to remedy the program deficiency. At the end of the corrective action period, a followup audit is conducted in the areas of deficiency. If the followup audit shows that the deficiency has been corrected, the penalty is rescinded. However, if the State remains out of compliance with Federal requirements, a graduated penalty, as provided by law, is assessed against the State. The actual amount of the penalty"between 1 and 5 percent of the States AFDC matching funds (see above)"depends on the severity and the duration of the deficiency. If a State is under penalty, a comprehensive audit is conducted annually until the cited deficiencies are corrected (Office of Child Support, 1994, pp. 14!16). Penalty disallowance collections from five States (Mississippi, New Mexico, Ohio, Wyoming, and the District of Columbia) totaled $1.253 million in fiscal year 1994.#XP\  P6QXP# II.The Costs of Raising Children  II. A.Oklahoma and US Family Income Most families in Oklahoma would fall into the low income category earning less than 33,800/year, as defined by the USDA in 1995, when determining their estimates on expenditures on children by families. An examination of U.S. Census data on median family#\  P6QP#8#XP\  P6QXP# income in Oklahoma since 1988, when the Family Support Act was passed by Congress, shows a 16% rise in median family income through 1996 (Figure 1). By using the median family income for analysis where 50% of the families earn below this amount and 50% earn above this amount, the bias that can be introduced by extremely high wage earners or many nonearning families is avoided. The increase in median family income in Oklahoma has been approximately one half of the increase in median family income that has occurred for the US during the same time period (Figure 2)#\  P6QP#8#XP\  P6QXP#. When income is adjusted to 1996 consumer price index adjusted dollars for the period from 1988 to 1996, the State of Oklahoma has seen a 15% decrease in spendable income while the US has experienced only a 2% decline (Figures 1 and 2). The low family incomes in Oklahoma place Oklahoma 46th out of the 50 States and the District of Columbia when examining rank by median family income in 1996# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##footnote text (H #W\  P6QP## footnote reference##W\  P6QP## P7 P#э) footnote reference)#C\  P6QP#Historical Incomes TablesHouseholds (Table H8). Income Statistics Branch/HHES Division, US. Bureaus of the Census, September 1997#x P7 P###XP\  P6QXP#.  II. B.Historical Expenditures on Children by Families  1!(((dd Household Expenditures identified by the USDA include (1): #C\  P6QP# Housing expenses include shelter (mortgage interest, property taxes, or rent; maintenance and repairs; and insurance), utilities (gas, electricity, fuel, telephone, and water), and house furnishings and equipment (furniture, floor coverings, major appliances, and small appliances). It should be noted that for homeowners, housing expenses do not include mortgage principal payments; such payments are considered in the CE to be a part of savings. So total dollars allocated to housing by homeowners are underestimated in this report.  Food expenses include food and nonalcoholic beverages purchased at grocery, convenience, and specialty stores, including purchases with food stamps; dining at restaurants; and household expenditures on school meals.  Transportation expenses include the net outlay on purchase of new and used vehicles, vehicle finance charges, gasoline and motor oil, maintenance and repairs, insurance, and public transportation.  Clothing expenses include childrens apparel such as diapers, shirts, pants, dresses, and suits; footwear; and clothing services such as dry cleaning, alterations and repair, and storage.  Health care expenses include medical and dental services not covered by insurance, prescription drugs and medical supplies not covered by insurance, and health insurance premiums not paid by employer or other organization.  Child care and education expenses include day care tuition and supplies; babysitting; and elementary and high school tuition, books, and supplies.  Miscellaneous expenses include personal care items, entertainment, and reading materials. #XP\  P6QXP#Ѱ1[A(##ddThe USDA estimates the expenditures for raising children from the ages of birth through age 17 from families of different incomes#\  P6QP#2 #XP\  P6QXP#. The major budgetary components that comprise these estimates include housing, food, transportation, clothing, health care, child care and education, and miscellaneous goods and services (Box 1). The USDA has published estimates on expenditures on children by families since before 1985. The percentage of gross family income the USDA estimates as expenditures per child by families for each of the seven major cost categories has not changed more than a few percent since 1985 for either low income families (those families with incomes less than $33,800/year in 1995) (Figure 3) or for moderate income families (those families with incomes less than $56,900 in 1995) (Figure 4). II. C.USDA Yearly Reports on Expenditures The USDA selects households with two children when determining expenditures because this is the average number of children in two parent families#\  P6QP#2#XP\  P6QXP#. They then use similar methodology to evaluate expenditures for families with one child or more than two children so that cost factors can be determined for families of different sizes. They found no significant difference between single-parent and dual parent households in the costs associated with raising children. The one housing expenditure that is excluded by the USDA is principal payments on a mortgage. Although they claim this leads to underestimation of true housing costs.....the first 1015 years of a 30 year mortgage is predominantly interest that is included in the estimate. Taxes however are not taken into account anywhere in their methodology to yield a true estimate of net income available to spend on family members. The USDA estimates for family expenditures also fails to account/allocate income to saving/retirement plans for families. Several budgetary components of these USDA estimates directly reflect expenditures on children. Food plans developed by the USDA were used to allocate food expenses among family members by age and household income level. Health care expenses were similarly derived from budget share data and allocated to each family member. In contrast, household expenditures for housing, transportation, and other miscellaneous goods and services are allocated on a per capita method (divided equally among the members). A per capita method for determining household expenditures minimizes the costs to adult family members while raising the level of expenditures associated with raising children. A marginal cost method that would determine the difference between couples with no children and couples with children was not used by the USDA, although this method would be more reflective of the true cost of raising children. For example, the additional cost of adding a bedroom in a dwelling reflects the additional cost of the addition of a child. The cost share method divides the total cost of the housing by the number of members in the family. This is merely a change in accounting methods for costs when in reality the total costs for housing do not change by the addition of a family member to the same size dwelling. Marginal cost analyses of housing costs demonstrated a 44% reduction from USDA housing cost expenditures for children#\  P6QP#2#XP\  P6QXP#. Importantly, housing costs account for the greatest percentage of gross income in the USDA estimates on expenditures on children by families, over 30% of gross income, and thus accounts for the largest single cost estimate error in the USDA report. A marginal cost analyses of miscellaneous expenses also yielded estimates that were 28% lower than USDA estimates#\  P6QP#2#XP\  P6QXP#. The cost share method used by the USDA to determine miscellaneous costs per person does include costs such as manicures, makeup, hair styling, health club memberships, country club memberships, etc. Many of the expensive costs associated with maintaining adults should not be equally distributed amongst all family members including children since they are not costs associated with raising children. # k\  P6Q P# Figure 1 [ (H($ X` hp x (#(H!&(#C\  P6QP#1yS& !eeObject #0000Sy  ($ $ (H!&(((#X P7 XP#Historical Incomes TablesHouseholds (Table H8). Income Statistics Branch/HHES Division, US. Bureau of the Census, September 1997#XP\  P6QXP#  $ (H 1a(##dd(( 0 8@H!#((# k\  P6Q P#  Figure 2  (HH (( 0 8@H!#((#C\  P6QP#yS& !eeObject #0001Sy #X P7 XP#Historical Incomes TablesHouseholds (Table H8). Income Statistics Branch/HHES Division, US. Bureau of the Census, September 1997#XP\  P6QXP#  H(H 1(##dd# k\  P6Q P# ı # k\  P6Q P# Figure 3 #C\  P6QP#y5$L"(eeObject #00025$y 1(##dd# k\  P6Q P# İ 1(##dd Figure 4#XP\  P6QXP#ѳy\"V%(eeObject #0003\"y 1(##dd#XP\  P6QXP#Transportation cost share as determined by the USDA included vacation travel expenses as well as automobile transportation expenses that were calculated by subtracting the costs associated with travel to work. That is they subtracted the mileage associated with getting to work from the costs of the automobile, insurance, maintenance, etc. and then divided this amount by the number of members in a family. This cost share method for determining transportation expenses for children utilized by the USDA attributes an equal cost share for the automobile to children from birth to age 17. Children do not drive nor do they typically own automobiles. Since today the majority of couples work and require two automobiles, the cost of the automobile is attributable to the adults and not the children. Thus the mileage associated with transporting children is an accurate method to determine this expenses, and the USDA estimates are grossly exaggerated for this budgetary component A comparison of USDA estimates for expenditures for children for 1995 , using the three USDA income brackets, by family gross income is shown in Table 1. The USDA estimated total expenditures (including health care and child care and educational expenses) for 2 children by families in 1995 ranged from $916.00/month to $1887.00 month for the three income brackets. Of note, the median family income for Oklahoma would put more than 50% of all Oklahoma families in the low income bracket category used by the USDA. The expenditures on two children according to USDA estimates ranged from 27% to 52 % of the family gross income. Using the consumer price index as a predictor of inflation, the USDA then proceeds to estimate that in the next 10 years the expenditures on children will more than double, reaching a 300% increase by the year 2012.......or $16,000$31,000/child/year. These figures should raise questions as to the validity of their study and the usefulness of using cost of living adjustments (COLAs) for child support determinations. State and Federal taxes on gross income were not accounted for in the USDA estimates. It is mentioned in their report that basic costs such as food and clothing (Tables 17, Page 1521)#\  P6QP#2#XP\  P6QXP# are uniform across the country when taxes are removed from gross income prior to performing the calculations. In the lower and middle income brackets, after subtraction of State and Federal and Social Security and Medicare taxes, the parents (one or two) would be left with substantially less income than the children; again raising serious questions on the validity of the USDA estimates. Child support determinations in Oklahoma today are also based on gross pay, where one third or more of the earned income may go towards taxes, and thus is nonspendable income. Additionally, the shared cost accounting method used by the USDA substantially overestimates the expenditures for children on housing, transportation, and miscellaneous items for children#\  P6QP#2#XP\  P6QXP#. The child support levels for two children in Oklahoma, present in the Oklahoma Child Support Guidelines today, that became operative in Oklahoma in 1990, are shown in Table 2. Importantly, the child support levels in Oklahoma can be upwards modified for childcare, health care insurance, and medical costs, that are all costs that are included in the USDA estimates for expenditures for children. Day care and medical costs can easily add $30006000/year and $1500/year or more, respectively, to the guidelinemandated child support levels each year in Oklahoma. Thus the present Oklahoma child support guideline tables, operative in 1990, are already equivalent to the USDA overestimates of expenditures on children by families in 1995. Further, a comparison of Oklahoma child support obligations for two children to child support obligations awarded in States surrounding Oklahoma are comparable. This latter information was presented last Spring to the House Judiciary Committee and is again included for reference in the Appendix.  1>(##dd#XP\  P6QXP# #^\  P6QP# Table 1: USDA 1995: Expenditure on Children by Families #XP\  P6QXP#> r##S@@@@@@##S@@@@@@r &O O &#XP\  P6QXP#Gross Family Income (avg)Monthly Family Gross Income (avg)Average Cost/ Year/2 Children Average Cost/Month/2 Children Average % Expenditure of Gross Income/ChildRemaining Parental Gross Income &O O &<33,700 (21,000) 2808 (1750)10,98091628 10,020&O O &33,70056700 (44,800)28084725 (3733)15,220126818 29,580&O      O      &>56,700 (84,800)>4725 (7067)22,640188714 62,1601!(##dd#&J\  P6Q&P#  Includes housing (3337%), and transportation (~1415%), food (1520%), clothing (68%), health care (57%), child care and education (710%), miscellaneous (1012%). Expenses cover average over all age groups (017). Housing and transportation and miscellaneous expenses are determined by cost share.#^\  P6QP# Table 2. Oklahoma 1990 ChildSupport Guidelines without Medical and Childcare() #XP\  P6QXP#ь r##S4@@@@@@##S4@@@@@@r &O O &Gross Family Income (avg)Monthly Family Gross Income (avg)Average OK Child Support/2 Children/yearAverage OK Child Support/2 Children/monthOK Average % of Gross Income OK gross income remaining (avg)&O O &<33700 (21,000) 2808 (1750)6744 (4668)562 (389) (22)?&O O &33,70056700 (44,800)28084725 (3733)67449060 (7728)562755 (644) (17)?&O      O      &>56,700 (84,800)>4725 (7067)>9060 (12,600)>755 (1050) (15)?1A(##dd#&J\  P6Q&P#Medical costs and childcare costs are considered when determining the child support award in Oklahoma. These costs are added to the obligors child support obligation prorated to the proportion of income the obligor contributes to total parental income. Childcare and medical care expenses can add an additional $600/month or more before prorating by proportion of income to the noncustodial parents child support obligation. #XP\  P6QXP#ц 1>Aa(##ddWhat becomes undeniable when reviewing available accounting methods determining expenditures for children by families, is that today there are no accurate estimates for the cost of raising children at the Federal or State level. Families do not spend 2050% of their gross income on children for if #^\  P6QP# #XP\  P6QXP#they did....we would have no children and little income for parents after taxes. The median family income in the United States is only around $36,000/year and in the State of Oklahoma the median family income is closer to $27,000/year.....yet USDA estimates put the costs of children outside the financial limits of residents of our State. Yet there are children in Oklahoma. What is also clear is that the Family Support Act of 1988 that mandated States adopt a child support guideline by 1992, that operates as a rebuttable presumption of the proper support amount, resulted in many States copying other states child support guidelines without proper review or evaluation of expenditures on children by families for that particular State. Using either US averages or regional averages for determining expenditures on children by families for Oklahoma will overestimate the true costs associated with raising children in Oklahoma because of the States lower family incomes and the inexpensive cost of living. It is time for the State of Oklahoma to determine the costs of raising children in the State of Oklahoma, by using professionals in Oklahoma, with the skills and abilities to determine accurately the true costs of raising children in Oklahoma, in order to develop Oklahomas next generation child support guideline. III.The Myth that Child Support Reduces the Number of TANF Families III.A. Welfare III.A.1. Programs Although the first Federal welfare entitlement programs were created in 1935 to aid the needy who were older, incapacitated in some manner, or children, the definition of who received entitlements and the programs have expanded continually. The number of families that receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) increased from 787,000 families in 1960 to 1.41 million families by the end of President Johnsons institution of his Great Society programs in 1968# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#. By 1994 there were over 5 million families receiving AFDC benefits, or approximately 15% of all families with children under 18 years of age#\  P6QP#9#XP\  P6QXP#. Welfare includes many different state and federal assistance programs to the poor including Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) (formerly AFDC), food stamps, medical care (Medicaid), housing, nutrition assistance programs, utility assistance programs, amongst others that total 77 major federal programs not counting State and local programs. AFDC/TANF only comprise 6% of the total welfare expenditures by the federal government# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#. There are numerous other programs with many being provided on a nonentitlement basis that are available to the poor. In fiscal year 1994 approximately onesixth of the Federal budget was spent on these entitlement programs or about $246 billion#\  P6QP#4#XP\  P6QXP#. A summary of these programs is shown in Table 3 and comes from the 1996 Green Book#\  P6QP#4#XP\  P6QXP#. Because the public has been mislead to what welfare encompasses, many people today consider welfare to be the TANF program of several hundred dollars per month. The passage and signing into law on August 22, 1996 of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (Public Law 104!193) ends some of welfare as we know it#\  P6QP#4#XP\  P6QXP#. The major welfare program ended by this law was the entitlement to cash welfare under title IV!A of the Social Security Act. In place of outright cash assistance are block grants that (1) provide States with funds to help families TABLE 3. NUMBER OF PROGRAMS IN EIGHT SOCIAL POLICY DOMAINS, 1994 Social policy domain  Number of programs#C\  P6QP# Cash welfare ........................................................................... #E,\  P6QEP# #C\  P6QP#8 Child welfare and child abuse ............................................... #E,\  P6QEP# #C\  P6QP#38 Child care ...............................................................................#E,\  P6QEP# #C\  P6QP#46 Employment and training .....................................................154 Social services ........................................................................#E,\  P6QEP# #C\  P6QP#30 Food and nutrition ..................................................................#E,\  P6QEP# #C\  P6QP#11 Housing ..................................................................................#E,\  P6QEP# #C\  P6QP#27 Health .................................................................................... 22 #XP\  P6QXP#__________________________________________________________________________ escape welfare such as cash and other benefits to help needy families support their children while the states try to move some of these families to work, and (2) provide States with funds to subsidize child care for families on welfare and lowincome families . The entitlement programs other than AFDC that existed before the passage of the welfare reform bill last year still remain. Even though the TANF cash assistance is made temporary by instituting a five year limit, States can exempt up to 20 percent of their caseload; caseload is not equal to number of families. When the Federal OCSE discusses removing families off of welfare they are referring to their program mandated by Congressthe recovery of AFDC/TANF benefits in the form of child support. Although the family can receive other welfare benefits, there is no federal law that demands that the other assistance for welfare be paid back to the government as reimbursement. Custodial parents, the overwhelming majority of which are mothers, are not held responsible for repaying the government for any welfare received for themselves or their childrena responsibility that has fallen exclusively to the noncustodial parent or father. III.A.2. Welfare Recipients A major source of the OCSE caseload are women who have children outside of the institution of marriage and form singleparent households. It has been estimated by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that for the year 1996, 505,514 females less than 20 years of age gave birth# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#. Although the birth rates for teenagers in the 1970's were higher than today (before the availability of abortion as an option) and the mothers were more likely to be married, today most of the teenage mothers are single parents# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##\  P6QP#,# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##\  P6QP#,# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#. While there has been a 4% decline in the teenager birth rate in 1996 (54.7 births per 1000 females aged 1519 years) from the rate for 1995 (56.8)#\  P6QP#11#XP\  P6QXP#, from 1986 to 1991 the teenage birth rate increased 24% and has only dropped 12% since 1991#\  P6QP#10#XP\  P6QXP#. It has been estimated that only one third of the births to teenagers are intended# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#. Between 1980 and 1995 the number of children born to unmarried women has increased from 665, 747 to 1.254 million that is equal to an increase from 18.4% to 32.2 % of all births. In the last 11 years alone there have been 12,126,901 births to unmarried mothers and since 1990 there has been more than 1.2 million births/year to unmarried women.# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP# This translates to a 188% increase in births to unmarried mothers in the past 15 years. The number of female headed singleparent households with children under 18 has also increased from 4.917 million in 1974 (15.6% of families with children under 18) to 8.957 million in 1996 (24.1% of families with children) equal to approximately a 182% increase in female headed families with children under 18# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#. A major consequence of women having children outof wedlock is an increase in the number of families living below the poverty level. Over the last 20 years the percentage of singleparent mothers with children under 18 living in poverty has remained relatively constant ranging from 44% in 1975 to 41.5% in 1995. The 20 year median poverty rate for single parent household with children headed by a mother was 45.4% with a mean of 44.4% and a standard deviation of 2.1%#\  P6QP#16#XP\  P6QXP#. While the percentage of singleparent mothers with children under 18 living below the poverty level has remained constant, the increase in total number of single parent households with children headed by a mother living below the poverty level has increased dramatically (166.7%) in relation to the number of families with children under 18 (a 118% increase between 1975 and 1996). Thus there were 2.252 million single parent households with children under 18 headed by mothers living in poverty in 1975 that increased to 3.755 million in 1996. The increase in fatherheaded singleparent households with children under 18 living in poverty is even more dramatic with there only being 65,000 in 1975 (11.7% of singleparent household with children under 18 headed by fathers) that has increased to 412,000 in 1996 (20% of single parent households with children under 18 headed by fathers) that is a 633.8% increase#\  P6QP#16#XP\  P6QXP#. III.A.3. Welfare Recipients LongTerm Dependency The public is often told that most welfare recipients are transient members of the welfare roles. The statement that comes to mind is that roughly half the families that begin to receive AFDC stop receiving the entitlement within one year. This statement says nothing about the other Federal and State and local entitlement/assistance programs these recipients may be receiving. More importantly, what the public is not made aware of is that most of these initial recipients of AFDC who leave the rolls return to obtain AFDC#\  P6QP#4#XP\  P6QXP#. Of the welfare recipients receiving AFDC, nearly 65% of them will spend at least 8 years on welfare#\  P6QP#4 #XP\  P6QXP#(Figure 5). Even with all of the welfare recipients who receive AFDC for a short time, the average length of total time spent by families receiving AFDC was greater than 13 years#\  P6QP#4#XP\  P6QXP#. III.B. Families Absent a Biologic Parent How many parents are there with children that have either a single parent or a situation where both biologic parents are no longer living together because of separation or divorce.......the total number of families with children that may be eligible for a child support ? According to the U.S. Census there were approximately 11.5 million custodial parents in 1992 with only 6.2 million having a child support award or agreement#\  P6QP#7#XP\  P6QXP#. Approximately 46 % of these families, 5.3 million, did not have a child support award because the custodial parent did not pursue an award (34.0%), the parent did not want an award (17.5%), the father was unable to pay (16.5%), the paternity of the father not established (5.7%), other financial arrangement made (5.5%), the other parent lives in the same household (1.0%), or other reasons (14.2%). In 17.5% of these cases with no child support award the custodial parent didnt know where the father was. For those custodial parents with a child support award with child support actually due that year, the level of compliance for child support payments is approximately 80% for all noncustodial parents#\  P6QP#7#XP\  P6QXP#. The percentage of female noncustodial parents assigned a child support award that owed money in 1992 was only 28% of all female noncustodial parents, and their compliance rate was less than male noncustodial parents#\  P6QP#7#XP\  P6QXP#. Yet most fathers pay their child support if they can according to both the U.S. Census#\  P6QP#7,# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP# and a GAO report#\  P6QP#6#XP\  P6QXP#. Of the 3.7 million custodial parents living in poverty, only 1.257 million or 34% had a child support award and 181,000 were not supposed to receive child support in 1991. Of those poor custodial parents with child support orders, 70% of the poor mothers received child support payments that was a comparable rate of receiving child support as nonpoor custodial parents#\  P6QP#7#XP\  P6QXP#. In Oklahoma the collection of child support from obligors has increased dramatically since 1991 mirroring the increases observed at a National level, that is in response to increases in child support owed since implementation of child support guidelines (Figure 6). With recent Federal and State legislation, noncustodial parents who fail to pay their child support for whatever reason stand to lose professional and vehicle licenses or can be sent to prison. Further, the best compliance rates that approach 90% are achieved when both parents continue to have involvement with their children through joint physical custody#\  P6QP#7#XP\  P6QXP#. So why is joint physical and legal custody where both parents share the parenting responsibilities not the norm in every state? III.C. Myths Several points have been made numerous times in the last year by politicians and the Department of Health and Human Services during discussion of child support and its impact on welfare reform. One was that increased child support collections would remove individuals from the welfare roles in droves; and two, forcing welfare recipients to take responsibility for themselves would also reduce # k\  P6Q P# Figure 5 >A#C\  P6QP#yCY'!#7,eeObject #0004CY'y 1(##dd#XP\  P6QXP## k\  P6Q P# Figure 6  (HH yg eeObject #0005y #X P7 XP#20th Annual Report to Congress for the Period Ending September 30, 1995. Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997#XP\  P6QXP#  H(H 1(##dd# k\  P6Q P# Ĵ 1' (##ddthe number of individuals that received the entitlement. The President of the United States repeated this earlier this year while on a visit to the State of North Carolina. This statement was excerpted from his speech on March 13, 1997 given during session with the North Carolina Legislature: #C\  P6QP#"Let me just say one final word in closing about another big job we have to do together. We have to finish the work of welfare reform. In the first four years of my presidency, we gave waivers from federal rules to 43 states to do all kinds of things to help move people from welfare to work. We now know that partly because of the growing economy, partly because of state welfare reform efforts, and partly because of a 50 percent increase in child support collections nationwide, the welfare rolls went down by 2.6 million in four years -- a record number."# k\  P6Q P# #XP\  P6QXP# The president's speech writers were excellent in starting with welfare reform and the states role, and then obfuscating the issue with the increased economy and more state efforts, and ending with increased child support collections and reduction in TANF participants.....even though the increase in child support collections are due mainly to non-TANF cases (see below). Most readers might not appreciate how subtly but powerfully these concepts were linked in this speech, nor how wrong this association is when it comes to the effects of childsupport collections on TANF families. Later press releases by the White House have suggested that increases in child support collections MAY reduce the welfare roles by 800,000 families. This assumption by the White House is misleading and totally false because the number of families that receive child support and who receive assistance that normally cycle on and off welfare assistance in a given year can account in total for the claim of reduction. It is the ability to reduce the number of longterm welfare recipients that counts. So what do the early returns indicate about the accomplishment of these objectives? An article was published in the Wall Street Journal on Tuesday, February 11, 1997, by Dana Milbank and Christopher Georges titled "Early Warning: Oklahoma's Poor get the Message, Opt Out of the Welfare System". Their summary of the situation in Oklahoma, and the rest of the country, is that State welfare workers have been telling the poor that there is no welfare for them and that the government is pulling the plug on the assistance so they better go earn a living. State workers have been stressing this message for several years before the legislation was even passed to "end welfare as we know it" in 1996. If those individuals who apply for assistance refuse to do as they are instructed by the State workers within 30 days their applications or payments are stopped and they are deleted from the system. The welfare roles have dropped 30% since 1994 in the US and they are down 45% in Oklahoma, and the caseload is dropping every year for applications (30% in Oklahoma last year alone). The combination of State treatment of welfare recipients and potential recipients, reclassifying welfare recipients as working, and a better economy that has absorbed welfare recipients into the workforce, are the changes that have led to the reduction in number of families receiving TANF. This however does not mean these families who no longer receive TANF are not receiving other benefits, as the Oklahoma Department of Human Services budget for Fiscal Year 1998 reflects by the absence of a corresponding 45% reduction in its budget. Importantly, there is no evidence that suggests child support collections are responsible for this massive drop in the number of recipients receiving welfare. Currently more than 3 billion dollars per year is being spent on child support enforcement (CSE)# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP# in addition to the money being spent on automation of CSE that in 1995 was almost 600 million dollars# footnote reference##W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#. The amount of child support collected for AFDC/TANF cases between the years 1991 to 1995 has risen from 2 billion dollars in 1991 to 2.7 billion dollars in 1995 (35% increase), yet the cost for collecting the child support has risen from 1.804 billion dollars to 3.012 billion dollars during the same time span not including money spent on automation. The administrative cost for CSE has grown approximately 12.0%/year on average since 1992 without including the costs for automation of CSE, while the collection rate has increased 5%/year since 1992. As of 1995, there were more than 55,000 Federal and State CSE workers, that is approximately half the total number of workers that staff the Internal Revenue Service. Since 1988, the CSE program has run deficits costing the taxpayers a billion dollars a year; i.e. the enforcement program collects less money for welfare recipients from parents than it spends trying to collect child support. The major increases in child support collection have come from the nonTANF cases handled by the OCSE. The question that has not been addressed by the OCSE or the GAO is what would be the collection rate and growth of child support collections without the OCSE. III.D. Can Child Support Replace Welfare? According to the CATO Institute#\  P6QP#10#XP\  P6QXP# the welfare benefits from the seven major Federal entitlement programs (out of 77) result in a payment of pretax income in Oklahoma of $17,700 per year for a family of three or $1475.00/month or a salary of $8.51/hour. The median family income in Oklahoma in 1995 was $26,311.00 or $2193/month. Doubling of the child support guidelines presently in existence in Oklahoma from $457 ($5484/year) to $10,968/year (guideline amount for $26,311/yr income) and transferring this money to a nonworking custodial parent of two children will not bring this family to the previous level of income they received in welfare benefits of $17,700/year. Clearly the support of children by both parents as well as parenting of the children is essential for following the best interest of the child mandate....but the reduction in TANF will not occur through increasing already inflated child support guidel