џWPCi  ћџ2iB Zбх+YChild Support and Spousal Maintenance: Dave UsherџџXXNє\  PXPа ААмм аааб#XZф2МPXP#бв ШX0УУФФШX0УУФФ вStyle1  ћџ2К|›ЁИЙFake Heading г Ш гй 2 йУ У Ф ФAbstract $г Ш гааг ‚X гг ‚X г г ‚X гааTOC 1 ддааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа ааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааFooter д  дааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмьќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Амаа ааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2M Žь€zЌњ ЇІ Heading 1 ) г Ш гй 2 йУ Узззз Ф ФBody  г Ш гг ‚X гг ‚X г Footnote Ref**б#єAє\  PєP#бУУб#XZф2МPXP#бФФFootnote Tex ''б#єKф2МPєP#б б#XZф2МPXP#бћџ2  iў g ІhDefault Para 'б#Œ>\ P}XP#бreference  ћа мм„А аг Ш гааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааг ‚,ў гг ‚,ў г г ‚,ў га „ААА аааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааHeader  ддааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмьќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Амаа ааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ„м4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааPage Number  ''б#Ю?\ P}єP#бб##Y2МP}XP#бћџ2Ф!@!a!‚!ЃTOC 2 ффа ААxА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАЄаа а xААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааTOC 3 ффа АА@А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџlќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАlаа а @ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааTOC 4 ф фа ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ4ќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА4аа а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааTOC 5 ф!"фа ААаА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџќќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАќаа а аААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2z!!і!!8!YTOC 6 ф#$фа АА˜А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџФ ќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАФ аа а ˜ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааTOC 7 ф%&фа АА` А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџŒ ќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАŒ аа а ` ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааTOC 8 ф'(фа АА( А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџT ќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАT аа а ( ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааTOC 9 ф)*фа АА№ А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ ќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА аа а № ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2- 0ўЌ!џџџџџџЋXNє\  PXPxжУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXМiф2МPМP%ф2МA`ArialМєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialX&Rф2МP&P%ф2МA`Arial&XZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialX&Rф2МP&P%ф2МA`Arial&XZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP!єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP"XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P#єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP$XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP%XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP&єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P'єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP(єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP)XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P*єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP+XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP,XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP-єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P.єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP/єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP0XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P1єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP2XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP3XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP4єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P5єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP6єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP7XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P8єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP9XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP:XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP;єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P<єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP=єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP>XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P?єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP@XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPAXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPBєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PCєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPDєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPEXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PFєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPGXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPHXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPIєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PJєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPKєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPLXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PMєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPNXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPOXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PQєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPRєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPSXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PTєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPUXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPVXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPWєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PXєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPYєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPZXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P[єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP\XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP]XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP^єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P_єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP`єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPaXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PbєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPcXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPdXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPeєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PfєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPgєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPhXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PiєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPjXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPkXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPlєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PmєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPnєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPoXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPpєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPqXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPrєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPsXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PtєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPuXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPvXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPwєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PxєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPyєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPzXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P{єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP|XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP}єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP~XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P€єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP‚XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPƒXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP„єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P…єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP†єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP‡XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPˆXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP‰єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PŠєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP‹єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPŒXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPŽXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P‘єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP’єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP“XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P”єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP•XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP–XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP—єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P˜єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP™єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPšXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P›єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPœXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPžєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PŸєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPЁXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PЂєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPЃXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPЄXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPЅєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PІєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPЇєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPЈXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PЉєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPЊXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPЋXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPЌєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P­єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPЎєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPЏXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PАєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPБXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPВXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPГєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PДєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPЕєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPЖXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PЗєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPИXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPЙXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPКєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PЛєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPМєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPНXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PОєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPПXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPРXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPСєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PТєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPУєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPФXP%ф2МA`ArialXXNє\  PХXPє\  `$Times NewRomanXXZф2МPЦXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PЧєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPШXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPЩXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPЪєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PЫєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPЬєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPЭXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PЮєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPЯXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPаXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPбєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PвєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPгєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPдXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PеєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPжXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPзXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPиєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PйєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPкєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPлXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PмєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPнXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPоXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPпєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PрєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPсєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPтXP%ф2МA`ArialXXNє\  PуXPє\  `TimesXXZф2МPфXP%ф2МA`ArialXXNє\  PхXPє\  `TimesXXZф2МPцXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PчєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPшXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPщXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPъєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PыєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPьєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPэXP%ф2МA`ArialX xюX $(NewCenturySchlbkXXZф2МPяXP%ф2МA`ArialX x№X $(NewCenturySchlbkXXZф2МPёXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PђєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPѓXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPєXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPѕєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PієPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPїєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPјXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PљєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPњXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPћXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPќєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P§єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPўєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPџXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP!єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP"XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P#єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP$XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP%XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP&єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P'єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP(єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP)XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P*єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP+XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP,XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP-єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P.єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP/єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP0XP%ф2МA`ArialX x1X $(NewCenturySchlbkXXZф2МP2XP%ф2МA`ArialX x3X $(NewCenturySchlbkXXZф2МP4XP%ф2МA`ArialX x5X $(NewCenturySchlbkXXZф2МP6XP%ф2МA`ArialX x7X $(NewCenturySchlbkXXZф2МP8XP%ф2МA`ArialX x9X $(NewCenturySchlbkXXZф2МP:XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P;єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP<XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP=XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МP>єP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P?єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP@єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPAXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PBєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPCXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPDXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPEєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PFєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPGєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPHXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PIєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPJXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPKXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPLєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PMєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPNєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPOXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PPєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPQXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPRXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPSєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PTєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPUєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPVXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PWєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPXXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPYXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPZєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  P[єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МP\єP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МP]XP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  P^єPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP_XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP`XP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPaєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PbєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPcєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPdXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PeєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPfXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPgXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPhєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PiєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPjєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPkXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PlєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPmXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPnXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPoєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PpєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPqєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPrXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PsєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МPtXP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МPuXP%ф2МA`ArialXєKф2МPvєP%ф2МA`ArialєєAє\  PwєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєєKф2МPxєP%ф2МA`ArialєXZф2МPyXP%ф2МA`ArialXєAє\  PzєPє\  `$Times NewRomanєXZф2МP{XP%ф2МA`ArialXXZф2МP|XP%ф2МA`ArialXћџ2_ g #|xа ААА аŠлStyle1 лллJuly 20, 1994лStyle1 л лл лStyle1 лллааб#Мiф2МPМP#бУ УУУNew Equations forлStyle1 л лллStyle1 лллCalculating Child Support and Spousal MaintenanceлStyle1 л лллStyle1 лллWith Discussion on Child Support GuidelinesФФлStyle1 л лллStyle1 лллб#єKф2МPєP#бФ ФRoger GayлStyle1 л лллStyle1 лллIndependent Research Consultantб#XZф2МPXP#блStyle1 л лллFake Headingлг Ш гй : йУ Уллй 2 йааAbstractл#Fake Heading#л Ф Фллй йлAbstract лг Ш гааг ‚X гллб#&Rф2МP&P#бChild support formulae used in all states provide a rigid mathematical approach for calculating awards. But, do these formulae provide a hidden margin of spousal maintenance? A new equation for distinguishing between child support and spousal maintenance is presented in this paper. Analysis shows that there are natural limits to the effectiveness of child support transfer payments for improving the economic wellЉbeing of children. This is an important breakthrough for those who design and evaluate child support guidelines, for attorneys engaged in family law, and in discussion of child support as part of welfare reform. Adjustment to the theoretical upper limit to account for individual circumstances and a theoretical lower limit are also discussed. Application of the equal duty principle leads to the conclusion that the adjusted upper limit is the award level that is just and appropriate. Higher or lower awards result in disproportionate sharing of the financial cost of raising children. Additional equations are given for calculating child support and spousal maintenance to reach a standard of living target for an entire household.б#XZф2МPXP#бл Abstract л аалллFake Headingлг Ш гй : йУ Уллй 2 йTable of Contentsл#Fake Heading#л Ф Фллй йлTOC 1 лааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааллб#&Rф2МP&P#бIntroductionСZ”!и'GС2лTOC 1 лƒ ааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#€%и'0*ˆ,р.813ш5@8˜:№XP#бллЙж That choice had an enormous impact on the current generation of child support guidelines.лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллThe great majority of guidelines currently in use have applied the IncomeЉShares or PercentageЉofЉIncome formulae. Both approaches rely heavily on economic Р Рcost of raising childrenРР studies as the fundamental basis and justification for their design. Yet it is the weakest point in our collective knowledge of the child support issue. A report on an early 1980s proposal for the Washington State child support guidelines, written for the Washington State Judges Association said the following.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  P?єP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МP@XP#бФФллжHџџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPAXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPBєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PCєP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МPDєP#блл William Hewitt, 1982, Report on the Washington State Association of Superior Court Judges, УУUniform Child Support GuidelinesФФ, Institute for Court Management, Court Executive Development Program.л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPEXP#бллHжлBody л лла мм4 алBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллааУУ. . . a simple methodology which explicitly relies on "user opinion" will be more effective in moving practices more uniformly toward a fair standard than does reliance on opaque and highly derivative expert interpretations of existing but fundamentally offЉtarget primary economic data.ФФлBody л лла 4мм алBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллааThe techniques used to derive the Р Рcost of raising childrenРР underlying most child support guidelines today are not new. Complaints have appeared regularly. University of Chicago economists, Edward Lazear and Robert Michael have argued that the task of predicting consumption by individual members of households is extremely difficult due to wide variation in spending behavior. They also had this to say about the underlying methodology of many Р Рcost of raising childrenРР studies and their application in public policy.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PFєP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МPGXP#бФФллжџџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPHXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPIєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PJєP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МPKєP#блл Edward P. Lazear and Robert T. Michael, УУAllocation of Income Within the HouseholdФФ, University of Chicago Press, 1988, page 25л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPLXP#бллжлBody лŒлла мм4 алBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллааУУ. . . the presumption that underlies the focus of much of the empirical research and policy debate on income distribution seems born of ignorance and is supported by neither theory nor fact. This situation can be improved.ФФлBody л лла 4мм алBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллааThe fraction of household expenditure that is actually used to support children is a hotly debated topic. Estimates of spending on children in intact families range from under 10 to over 30 percent for one child.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PMєP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МPNXP#бФФллж  џџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPOXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPPєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PQєP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МPRєP#блл David M. Betson, УУAlternativeФФ УУEstimates of the Cost of Raising Children from the 1980Љ86 Consumer Expenditure SurveyФФ, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, September 1990; or Lewin/ICF, УУEstimates of Expenditures on Children and Child Support GuidelinesФФ, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Support Enforcement, October 1990; For a summary of his results, see Lewin/ICF, Estimates of Expenditures on Children and Child Support Guidelines, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Support Enforcement, October 1990, table 4.5, page 4Љ19.л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPSXP#блл ж Less work has been done on estimates of spending on children by single parents.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PTєP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МPUXP#бФФллж  џџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPVXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPWєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PXєP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МPYєP#блл here has been some. See Lino, Mark, УУExpenditures on a Child by Families, 1993 Technical ReportФФ, Family Economics Research Group, Family Economics Review.л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPZXP#блл ж Assuming research on spending in singleЉparent homes improves, future numeric estimates and techniques can be used to refine the numeric tables used in standard child support calculations and in bettering our understanding of what individual parents actually spend on their children.лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллThe distinction between child support and spousal maintenance is one of the important questions of concern in this paper. It is naturally of interest to differentiate between income used to support children and other household income during the time that child support is being paid. Therefore, it is necessary to consider custodial parentsРР postЉdivorce spending on children. Only minor attention will be paid to intact family spending in this paper, when the economics of remarriage is considered.лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллSome commentators have thought it important to distinguish between the Р РcostРР of raising children and what is Р РspentРР on children. Economists and others might find this an interesting starting point for defining child support since there is a basic distinction between the meaning of the two terms. It should be clear however, that the common distinction is not applicable in child support decisions. Parents are both the producers and consumers. What they spend on their children is equal to their cost. To apply the academic definitions of Р РcostРР and Р РspendingРР would require that one parent be designated for each role and adding a profit margin. This would violate the equal duty principle.лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллWhat legal experts have meant, can be easily explained by example. If a custodial parent spends $80 for tennis shoes, the nonЉcustodial parent may complain that tennis shoes can be purchased for $25. The lowest price is what has been referred to as the Р РcostРР of tennis shoes. If we consider the total cost of raising children instead of just tennis shoes, we can say that part of the judges job was to answer the questions whether the cost is too low or what is actually spent is too high. While the nonЉcustodial parent might be quoting prices of goods that are cheaper than those the family would normally purchase, the custodial parent might make temporary adjustments to her spending habits in an effort to obtain a higher award. The problem of discovering what is Р РreasonableРР gave rise to the use of standard tables to avoid the complexity of working this question out, item by item, case by case. Judges wanted to know what Р РnormalРР is.лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллBut the question of cost does not encompass the entire question of child support. Although it may seem reasonable to divide the cost between the two parents, new questions arise from the existance of two households supporting the children of separated parents. How much of the second parentРРs income is used directly in the support of their children? And there is the tricky question of providing a standard of living commensurate with the parentsРР income. There are special circumstances in which expenses such as medical bills or transportation involved in visitation are much higher than normal. Some parents are remarried, some are not. In other words, whenever Р РnormalРР is defined, the first consequent is to discover that many families do not fit the definition. It is probably true that УУmostФФ cases require application of fundamental principles and deviations from Р РnormalРР child support models to determine an award that is just and appropriate.лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллRobert W. Braid, an accounting, finance and economics professor, performed a detailed cost analysis in his own case in New Jersey.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  P[єP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МP\XP#бФФллжЯ џџа мммм аааб#XZф2МP]XP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МP^єP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  P_єP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МP`єP#блл Robert W. Braid, УУThe Making of a Deadbeat DadФФ, Trial Lawyer, March 1993.л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPaXP#бллЯж Based on a comprehensive cost and cash flow analysis, he calculated that he should pay approximately $180 per month to the mother in addition to sharing the direct costs of education for one child in college. Based on the established New Jersey formula, he was ordered to pay $903 per month, plus half his daughterРРs college expenses. Mr. Braid found that the judges decision implied that it Р Рmust cost $21,672 a year in after tax money to support one child at home fullЉtime (excluding any medical expense and any money the father spends on vacations, entertainment and hobbies with the boy), and one child spending about 25% of her time at home and the rest in college.РРлBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллStates have displaced their traditional child support definitions with references to the application of child support formulae. Mr. Braid found no legal definition for child support, and therefore had to rely on his own educated view. His definition had no legal standing. Therefore, he was unable to advance any argument that would impact the judges decision to use the established formula without deviation. In Washington, the legal purpose of making a child support award is to increase the amount awarded.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PbєP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МPcXP#бФФллж џџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPdXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPeєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PfєP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МPgєP#блл P.O.P.S. v. Gardner, Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals No. 91Љ36118, D.C. No. CVЉ90Љ5344ЉRJB, P.O.P.S. (Parents Opposed to Punitive Support)л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPhXP#бллж No state has been able to show correspondence between a clear and detailed basic definition of Р Рchild supportРР and the formula they use to make an award.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PiєP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МPjXP#бФФллжM џџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPkXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPlєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PmєP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МPnєP#блл States often provide a definition that is weaker than traditional statutes and rely directly on their support formula for interpretation. In other words, the meaning of their Р РdefinitionРР is that the formula is used to calculate the award. Requests have been made of the U.S. Office of Child Support Enforcement, and as of the date of this submission, they can provide no evidence that any state has an independent definition or has shown correspondence.л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPoXP#бллMжлBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллIn this paper, two mathematical approaches are used to derive an equation for the limit between child support and spousal maintenance.У У Ф ФTo promote understanding among the widest possible audience, examples areб#єKф2МPpєP#б б#XZф2МPqXP#бoften used either instead of or along with abstractУ У Ф Фmathematics. Adjustments for individual circumstances are also discussed.б#єKф2МPrєP#бУ У б#XZф2МPsXP#бФ ФOnce the equations for the upper limit have been derived, they can be used to investigate the effect of awards that are below this limit. In the section entitled Р РAwards that are РРJust and AppropriateРР it is shown that awards that are higher or lower than the adjusted upper limit violate the equal duty principle.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PtєP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МPuXP#бФФллжzџџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPvXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPwєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PxєP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МPyєP#блл See also Doris Freed and Timothy Walker, Р РFamily Law in the Fifty States: An Overview,РР for commentary on the constitutional roots of the Р Рequal duty principle.РР УУFamily Law QuarterlyФФ, Vol. XIX, No. 4 (Winter 1986), pp. 331Љ442, 411л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPzXP#бллzж Therefore, the Р Рadjusted upper limitРР is seen as the award level that is just and appropriate.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  P{єP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МP|XP#бФФллб#єKф2МP}єP#бУ Ужгџџа мммм аааб#XZф2МP~XP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  P€єP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МPєP#блл Р РAdjustedРР upper limit is explained in the section; Р РAdjusted Limits.РРл# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МP‚XP#бллгжлBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллФ Фб#XZф2МPƒXP#бThe first is an iterative approach in which each iteration results in a higher standard of living in the custodial parent household. Each time the standard of living is increased, the resulting increase in the custodial parentРРs spending on children must again be compensated by a higher child support award. The iterative solution is mathematically cumbersome, but is developed in a way that is easy to understand. The exact equation is much less cumbersome to apply. The term Р Рexact equationРР is typically used in mathematics only when there is an alternative iterative approach. The Р Рexact equationРР is based on the same theory as its iterative equivalent and provides the same answer. Performing the calculation without iterating makes the process of deriving actual limits on child support much simpler.лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллConsidering the quality of Р Рchild costРР estimates, those of intact and singleЉparent spending are essentially on equal footing. The universal problem of having no common solution to the Р РcostРР question should not cause hesitation to apply the limit theory presented in this paper. The detailed questions that lead to numbers should become focused on customizing the design of an estimating technique specifically in the context of the child support question. In fact, a detailed understanding of the ultimate question is necessary in order to determine the most appropriate cost estimating technique. In addition to its other applications, the limit theory offers contextual information useful for defining the Р РcostРР question in detail. Ultimately, the question we are trying to answer is not; What, on average, do children generally Р Рcost?РР The ultimate question is; How much should each child support award be?лBody л лллHeading 1 лг Ш гй : йУ УззллўўЏ§Ї_Toc292226447Ї§ЏўўР РAbility to PayРР Versus IncomeўўЏ§Ї_Toc292226447Ї§Џўўл!Heading 1 !лзз Ф Фллй йлBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллThe equations for finding the limit between child and spousal support will be explained by example in the following two sections. First, we must decide how child support (once it is mathematically defined) should be divided between the parents. Although the form of the limit equation will not be effected by this decision, it will effect the numbers that are used in examples. The most popular method is to divide the total obligation in proportion to the parentsРР respective incomes. That is the basis of the IncomeЉShares model. A more complete model of each parentРРs relative ability to pay will be explained and comparisons between the two models will be made throughout the paper. Annual income will be used to calculate the annual limit on child support for a simple case.лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллA neverЉmarried couple living apart has one child. The child has lived continuously with the mother, and for the sake of simplicity, no visitation has ever been exercised and no visitation will be awarded. The child is one year old, and the father has paid no child support. The motherРРs personal income has been the only source of financial support for one year. The motherРРs net (after tax) income is $18,000 per year and the fatherРРs is $25,000 per year. The amount the mother spends on the child is derived from information in her support affidavit as $3,600 per year, which is 20 percent of her income. The figure has been examined and accepted by both parties and the judge. For comparison, the IncomeЉShares method is first used to calculate each parentРРs share.лBody л лл У Уаа 25,000 Father's Share = ---------------------- = 0.58 25,000 + 18,000 аа аа 18,000 Mother's Share = ---------------------- = 0.42 25,000 + 18,000Ф Ф лBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллааUsing the IncomeЉShares method for allocating child support between these parents, the fatherРРs share is 0.58 times $3,600, or $2,088.00 per year. лBody л лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллIt should not be disregarded, that the phrase Р Рability to payРР appears in traditional statues concerned with dividing the child support obligation between parents.б#єKф2МP„єP#блFootnote Refлб#єAє\  P…єP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МP†єP#бФФллб#XZф2МP‡XP#бжЂџџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPˆXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МP‰єP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PŠєP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МP‹єP#бллOregon, Indiana, are two examples.л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МPŒXP#бллЂж Those statutes and their accompanying case law have a much richer intellectual and practical history than do the highly efficient statistical techniques that have replaced them. A more complete model of Р Рability to payРР would be better.лBody л‘ лллBody лг Ш гг ‚X гллSeveral analysts have computed relative ability to pay by subtracting a selfЉsupport reserve from each parentРРs income.лFootnote Refлб#єAє\  PєP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МPŽXP#бФФллж&џџа мммм аааб#XZф2МPXP#бааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄќ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаал Footnote Texлб#єKф2МPєP#блллFootnote Refлб#єAє\  P‘єP#бУУллФФл#Footnote Ref#лб#єKф2МP’єP#блл Judith Cassetty and Frank Douthitt, УУSupport and Visitation Schedules, Guidelines and FormulasФФ, in Williams (УУibid.ФФ 3, page IIIЉ77); Judge MelsonРРs guidelines were in effect in Delaware in 1985, see Thompson, R.D., УУThe Delaware Child Support Formula, Report to the 132nd General AssemblyФФ, April 15, 1984; Roger Gay, УУPilot Study on the Development and Evaluation of State Guidelines for Calculation of Child Support PaymentsФФ (1990, available from author) and УУAn Alternative Child Support Guideline for States to ConsiderФФ presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the ChildrenРРs Rights Council, Holiday Inn, Bethesda, MD, April 28 Љ May 2, 1993.л# Footnote Tex#л б#XZф2МP“XP#блл&ж There has been a traditional prohibition against forcing a parent below the selfЉsufficiency level. Р Р. . . the burden on the one paying support should not be so heavy as to preclude the ability to support oneself and one's other dependents.РРлFootnote Refлб#єAє\  P”єP#бУУллл#Footnote Ref#лб#XZф2МP•